Application of Antioxidants in Feed Production
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At present, the feed industry is paying more and more attention to the quality of feed, and feed safety and health is one of the mainstreams of the feed industry today. Antioxidants are one of the effective ways to ensure feed hygiene and safety. This article briefly discusses the use of antioxidants in feeds from the following points. First, the composition of the feed easily oxidized modern feed production in order to meet the needs of the poultry and other aquaculture industry, pay great attention to the comprehensiveness and balance of feed nutrients, so often add fat, fish meal, fat-soluble Vitamins, etc. in the feed, but these ingredients Is often the most likely to cause oxidation in feed, summed up, mainly in the following categories: 1. Oil and fat categories: mainly soybean oil, peanut oil, fish oil and so on. Its common feature is that it contains extremely high unsaturated fatty acids, and some products have free fatty acid content of more than 5%. After a period of improper storage, its content will increase exponentially. Oxidative rancidity can easily occur during the production, processing and storage of compound feeds. Even if there are some animal and vegetable fats and oils, if there are some unfavorable factors in their processing and storage, they will cause serious hydrolysis and oxidative rancidity. Commonly stored in the feed plant in the open air or indoor grease, bubbling in the hot environment, since the temperature rise. This indicates that these oils have undergone severe rancidity before being added to the formulated feed. After the feed is added, the rancidity is more serious under the catalysis of other substances, and it will rapidly affect the rancid process of other lipid substances. 2. Cakes: There are mainly soybean meal, peanut meal, rapeseed meal and so on. 3. Bran type: Mainly full-fat rice bran, unified bran and wheat bran. Rice bran contains higher crude fats, which are mostly unsaturated fatty acids. Under high temperature conditions, full-fat rice bran or reeling can cause severe rancidity during rice storage. In rice-producing areas, the use of large amounts of bran in feed may be one of the major causes of feed rancidity. The use of wheat bran with high moisture content and long storage time will also cause similar situations. 4. Fishmeal, meat and bone meal: There are mainly fishmeal, meat and bone meal and by-products of animal slaughter and processing. 5. Feeding flavoring agents: Feeding flavoring agents mainly contain ether, aldehyde, ester and other volatile aromatic substances, some of which are themselves easily oxidized, while others provide unpaired electrons to oxidize other components, and thus are a type of Unstable material. In fact, in the production practice, it is common to see that some inferior flavoring agents have not been used and have severe oxidative rancidity, and the addition of feeds will undoubtedly become the trigger for oxidative rancidity. 6. Vitamin additives. Second, the production of antioxidant applications Overview In order to protect the feed of vitamin A, D3, E, carotene and fish oil, all kinds of fat, fish meal, meat, blood meal, bone meal, feather meal and other nutrients are not oxidized, you must add resistance Oxidizers. The commonly used antioxidants in feeds are: (1) Ethoxyquin, full chemical name: 6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline English simplified: Ethoxyquin Or abbreviation EMQ, the most commonly used trade name abroad: Santoquin, the most commonly used trade name in China: Antioxidant quinoa. This product is the most widely used feed antioxidant at home and abroad, with good effect, low price and safe use. However, a large number of tests have proved that the antioxidant effect of anti-oxoquine on oil is not ideal, but the protection of vitamins is very good. The disadvantage of this product is that the color of the product will become deeper and darker during storage. The use of large amounts in the premix will affect the color of the feed. (2) Di-tert-butyl hydroxytoluene, abbreviated as: BHT. Its high stability, no effect on thermal anti-oxidant effect. (3) tert-butyl hydroxyanisole, abbreviation: BHA. This product is superior to BHT in the antioxidant effect of oil, and has a strong antibacterial ability, but the price is expensive, feed industry is rarely used alone. (4) gallate gallate, abbreviation: PG. This product is difficult to dissolve in fat and water, easy to color. When used in combination with other antioxidants, the amount is very small, that is, it has a good antioxidant effect. Due to the high price, the feed industry is rarely used alone. (5) Tocopherol mixed concentrate, also known as vitamin E. This product is yellow to brown viscous liquid, insoluble in water, miscible with oils and fats. This product is generally limited to medicinal use. The above-mentioned single species is currently the most widely used antioxidant quinolone, followed by BHT. Third, the dosage and selection of antioxidants The Ministry of Agriculture stipulates that the amount of artificially synthesized antioxidants should not exceed 150 g/t. However, in practical applications, sometimes even if the added amount exceeds 150 g/t, the antioxidant effect is not satisfactory. The reasons may be: the fat in the feed exceeds 6%; the feed contains high-copper and other metal ions. This requires feed manufacturers in actual applications, according to the specific circumstances of the discretion to add, taking into account the solubility and safety of antioxidants and other factors, select the right antioxidant species is particularly important, composite antioxidants and natural antioxidants is to solve The research direction of these issues. Fourth, the right time to add antioxidants antioxidants can only hinder the oxidation, delay the start of oxidation of feed, but can not change the results of rancidity. Therefore, it should be added when the feed material is not oxidized or just started to oxidize to exert its effect. The oxidation of grease in the process of auto-oxidation takes a considerable period of induction. Once the peroxide is generated, the peroxide can quickly promote the oxidation reaction under its own catalytic action, so use the antioxidant as soon as possible. The reaction chain may be cut off as soon as possible, otherwise, even if added in large amounts, it will not play an antioxidant effect, but also may have the opposite effect, because the antioxidant itself is easily oxidized, if added quickly oxidized Oxidized antioxidants may instead become factors that promote oxidation. Fifth, the use of antioxidants should pay attention to the problem 1. Oxygen and oxygen is the basic factor of feed oxidation, the higher the effective content, the easier to promote oxidation. 2. Temperature, humidity High temperature and high humidity can accelerate the progress of oxidation. This is also the reason why the oxidation of feed mainly occurs in summer. 3. Metal ions Metal ions are strong catalysts for feed oxidation, especially Cu, Zn, Fe, etc. The table below is quoted from “Gordan (1990), the required concentration of various divalent metal ions to shorten the shelf life of oils and oils by halfâ€, which fully demonstrates the catalytic oxidation of metal ions. Metal element Cu Fe Mn Cr Ni V Zn Al Concentration (ppm) 0.05 0.60 0.60 1.20 2.20 3.00 19.60 50.00 4. Photochemical effects caused by light illumination accelerate atmospheric oxidation of the feed. 5. A variety of trace enzymes in the enzyme feed can catalyze and activate substances acting in the feed under suitable conditions to accelerate oxidative deterioration. VI. Composite Antioxidant "Shen Wei Xian" In recent years, Shanghai Shanghai Three-dimensional Feed Additives Co., Ltd. put into production the composite antioxidant - "Shen Wei Xian" is a high effective component, good effect, low price, safe use of the composite antioxidant New varieties. "Shen Wei Xian" has the following characteristics: (1) Based on anti-oxidation of quinoline, together with other antioxidants such as BHA and BHT, all are dissolved in anti-oxyquine, so the product has the same "creep flow" effect as anti-oxyquine. , easy to mix and good dispersion performance. (2) Each component plays a synergistic role. In addition to the basic characteristics of antioxidant quinolone, the experiment shows that: the antioxidant performance is better, the cost is lower, and it has a certain anti-mildew effect. (3) "Shen Wei Xian" contains the appropriate amount of synergist and chelating agent in addition to the main ingredients. The mechanism of action of the synergist is to enhance the activity of phenolic hydroxyl groups, so that certain antioxidants can be "regenerated" and can be "repeatedly". Plays an antioxidant effect. Some of the synergists are complexes that, like chelating agents, act as indirect antioxidants, but also complex or sequester metal ions, inhibit the catalytic oxidation of certain metal ions on vitamins and greases, eliminate or greatly Reduced antagonism due to catalytic oxidation when copper, iron, manganese, zinc and other trace elements are used together with vitamins. Another outstanding advantage of chelating agents is their ability to inhibit the catalysis of copper ions, maintain the biological activity of copper, and in a sense increase their potency. At present, "Shen Wei Xian" has been popularized and applied by the feed industry and related units in more than 10 provinces and cities across the country, with good economic and social benefits. The content of "Shen Wei Xian" is higher than that of similar products in foreign countries, and it is usually formulated into a powder with an effective content of (202)% and (402)% by using a carrier. The general added amount (in the full-price compound feed) is 300-600 g/t and 150-300 g/t, respectively. For details, see the instructions. The author used Shen Weixian to compare different antioxidant antioxidants in vitamin A, fish oil, and highly oxidizable piglet diets (experimental combination of foreign and domestic monoethoxyquin 33%). Experiments have fully proved that "Shen Wei Xian" is one of the ideal antioxidant species, especially with a single ethoxyquin 33% in the same experimental conditions, the more cost-effective effect.