Small combined harvesting technology

In our country, a combined harvester with a feed rate of 2 kg/s or less is generally called a small combine harvester. At present, people are also accustomed to the combination of small-scale combine harvesters with small four-wheel and small walking tractors. After more than ten years of development, this type of aircraft has been accepted by the majority of farmers and has begun to be gradually applied. Compared to large-scale combine harvesters, small combine harvesters are small in size and low in production efficiency. However, it is also a small, full-fledged sparrow with the same functions of cutting, threshing, cleaning, and grain collection, and has a strong price advantage. General large-scale combine harvesters are priced at 10 to 200,000 yuan, while small combine harvesters only need 12,000 yuan, generally two years to recover the cost of the purchase. It is a kind of agricultural machinery with high investment and small profits. It is especially suitable for professional households to carry out service production. The annual operation volume can reach 13-20 hectares. First, the small combine harvester structure and technical specifications The country engaged in small-scale combine harvesters production of nearly 100 companies, many models, very complex, the agricultural machinery sector in a lot of research and inspections after that the Northwest Agricultural University to study the dragon 4L-0.75 Combine harvester is the current domestic product with better technical level. The Pixian Agricultural Machinery Repair Factory in Tianjin began to introduce advanced technologies into production since 1993, and rural users reported good results. The following is a description of the 4L-0.75 model. (I) Structure and work process The small combine harvester mainly consists of five parts: the front hanger, the rear hanger, the header, the trough, and the thresher. The cutting table is placed in front of the tractor for cutting operations, the trough is placed on the right side of the tractor, the crop cut off by the header is fed to the thresher, and the thresher is hung behind the tractor to complete the threshing of the crops sent from the trough. Separation and cleaning operations. The structure and function of each component are as follows: Front hanger: Located in the front of the tractor, used to put the header firmly and smoothly on the tractor. It consists of a front hanger welded and four solid rollers. The first two rollers are used for the installation of the header, and the latter two rollers are used for the adjustment of the header movements. Rear suspension: Located at the rear of the tractor for mounting and fixing the thresher. Header: Located in front of the tractor, suspended in the U-shaped plate of the front hanger through the pipe beam at the rear of the header. Mainly by the header rack, splitter, reel, cutter and header auger and other components. The trough is located on the right side of the tractor, and the upper part is hung on the transition section of the inlet and outlet of the thresher, and the crop sent from the header auger telescopic rod is evenly transported to the thresher for threshing separation. It is composed of welding slot welding, driving wheel, driven wheel and conveyor belt. In order to adapt to the different conditions of the crop, the driven wheel can float. Thresher: It is located behind the tractor and supported on the rear suspension frame. The crops sent from the trough are threshed, separated, cleaned and packed. It consists of a threshing frame, a threshing separation mechanism (a threshing roller, a gravure screen, a roller cover, a row of straw wheels), a cleaning mechanism (a fan, a vibrating screen) and the like. The threshing drum is the main part of the thresher and the drum is supported on the upper part of the threshing stand. The crop is subjected to high-speed rotation between the drum and the gravure screen and the roller cover, and the plate teeth are repeatedly hit, brushed, flipped and spirally moved axially. The residence time is long, the separation area is fully utilized, and threshing is clean. Complete separation. Second, the small combine harvester installation and commissioning (A) the installation of the harvester (1) before the machine and the tractor supporting installation, remove the tractor left and right two fenders, remove all the farm implement suspension device, remove the right rear wheel to the clutch The belt guard in the middle of the pulley, the pulley cover (including the bearing) at the end of the clutch pulley is removed, and the special pulley cover with the double-groove pulley disk is replaced with the six M8X70 screws (with 6 screws removed) Washer) tighten, then install the original bearing and bearing cap. (2) Mount the front suspension bracket on the bumper in front of the tractor, clamp it with two random U-shaped cards, and fasten the connection angle with M10X25 screws on the two holes in the front of the tractor longitudinal beam (opening forwards) Then, the left and right arms of the suspension bracket are respectively mounted on both sides of the suspension frame, so that the suspension bracket is fixedly connected with the connection angle. (3) Put the U-shaped plate on the rear axle of the rear suspension frame over the rear axle of the tractor, insert the M14X160 bolt, and put on the spring washer and nut. Do not tighten first and insert the small end of the tensile bracket into the slot of the tractor traction plate. The original pin connects the support frame to the hole in the uppermost part of the pulling plate, and then aligns the two holes at the big end of the support frame with the hole on the square arm of the rear suspension frame, inserts the special pin, and installs the cotter pin. Finally, tighten the M14X160 nut. (4) Install the rear wheel upper guard plate and the rear wheel front guard plate welding on the left side of the tractor's driver's seat, and install the shield welding and tensioning wheel frame welding on the right side of the driver's seat and connect the two support rods with Tighten the angle bracket on the wheel frame and the rear suspension frame to ensure the installation rigidity of the tensioner wheel. (5) Put the header in a natural position, slowly bring the tractor to the tail of the header, and insert the U-shaped plate on the hanger into the rear pipe beam of the header to place the two positioning arc plates on the pipe beam. On the inside of the U-shaped plate, install two anti-disengagement pins (or bolt pairs) on the U-shaped plate and install cotter pins. (6) Mount the two wire ropes of the lifting header on the left and right sides. One end is attached to the traction bolt above the header and one end is connected to the hole in the tractor's hydraulic lift arm. (7) Install the threshing machine and the trough with three U-shaped cards, upper and lower bearing bushes, and install the left and right tie rods. (8) Install the transmission support angle between the transmission bracket and the right arm of the rear suspension bracket. M10X25 bolts are used on the upper part and M10X60 bolts on the lower part. (9) Install the clutch control mechanism. Insert the end of the clutch operating shaft with the screw into the hole of the operating shaft support below the bottom plate of the transmission. Install the M12 nut and corresponding flat washer and spring washer on the screw and tighten the nut. Put the supporting angle iron on the other end of the clutch operating shaft, and fix the supporting angle iron and the reinforcing angle iron on the left side of the supporting horizontal beam and the rear suspension bracket with M10X25 bolts. Connect the clutch operating lever head to the clutch release pawl on the transmission with the pin B8X32 and insert the split pin 3X12. When the clutch lever is pushed backwards, the clutch is disengaged, the joystick is released, the joystick is forward, and the clutch is engaged. (10) After the above installation is completed, adjust all tensioning pulleys so that they are correctly tensioned. After completing the above work, the entire machine can be commissioned even after it is installed. (B) Adjustment of the harvester 1. Adjustment of the steel wire ropes The hydraulic lifting arm is raised to the highest point, so that the header is lifted to the highest position. At this time, it is necessary to ensure that the header auger and the conveying slot scraper collide with each other. If they collide, It means that the steel wire rope is too short, the rigging screw buckle needs to be adjusted, the total length of the steel wire rope is increased, the header is lowered, the length of the traction chain is adjusted according to the selected cutting height, and the cutting height is ensured. 2. Adjusting the expansion and contraction position of the header auger telescopic rod. Lower the header to the harvesting position. Adjust the adjustment handle so that the telescopic rod is minimized in the opposite direction to the passive wheel of the conveyor. 3. Adjustment of the trough The rotary harvester is operated idle with an idle throttle to observe the transport condition of the conveyor belt. If the conveyor belt always runs to the side of the driven wheel during operation, it means that the tension on both sides of the conveyor belt is inconsistent and adjustment screws on both sides must be adjusted. It is also sometimes found that the conveyor runs regularly to the right and left on the driven wheel, which is caused by the skewed position of the caries mounted on the belt. As long as the conveyor tank does not rub against the conveyor belt, it will not affect the work. 4. Reel adjustment Reel adjustment is divided into the following three adjustments. (1) Height adjustment: When adjusting, loosen the connecting bolts of the reel arm and support frame, loosen the bolts on the shingles, adjust them to the appropriate position and tighten. (2) Adjustment before and after: When adjusting, first loosen the tensioning wheel on the reel drive belt tape, and then unscrew the bolts of the bottom plate of the reel's bearing housing, and then adjust it to a suitable position and then fasten it. (3) Reel wheel pressure plate inclination adjustment: When adjusting, loosen the connecting bolt of the eccentric adjustment plate and the bearing seat, then adjust the pressure plate to the proper inclination angle. 5. Adjustment of the thresher (1) Adjustment of the cleaning device: Adjust the rear air deflector and air deflector. (2) Adjustment of a grade concave screen: adjust the handle above the top of the threshing machine. (3) Adjustment of auger safety clutch: If the auger is slippery (lower speed) during work, the three adjustment screws of the safety clutch can be properly tightened. After the thresher has been installed, the tractor lift arm should be adjusted. Lower the outer lift arm to a suitable position so that the fan does not collide with the outer lift arm when lifting the thresher. After the harvester is adjusted, tighten the fastening bolts. Third, the use and operation methods (a) pre-trip preparation 1. Tractor maintenance Tractor is the power source of the entire unit, directly affect the smooth progress of harvesting operations. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain the tractor at any time so that it can maintain the best technical condition. In addition to maintaining the machine in accordance with the tractor instruction manual, the following work should be added: Remove dust from the radiator. Since the harvester is working under harsh conditions, there is a large amount of dust and grass clipping during harvesting. Therefore, the radiator is easily clogged. Causes the engine tank to open. To prevent this from happening, all grass clippings and dust on the radiator should be cleaned before driving. If a protective cover made of two layers of screens is added in front of the radiator and the inner layer is fixed, the outer layer can be rolled to make it easier to clean grass dust at any time. If a water tank is attached to other parts of the harvester, and the lower part of the water tank is connected to the drain switch in the lower part of the tractor water tank (the evaporating water is replenished in a timely manner), high temperature and pot boiling phenomena can be avoided. Check the oil in the PTO shaft pulley assembly and perform maintenance as specified. 2. Maintenance of the harvester After the combine has been installed and in daily work, maintenance should be carried out in accordance with its instructions. Always check the technical conditions and tightening conditions of the working parts, make necessary adjustments and eliminate the malfunctions. The inspection and maintenance prior to daily departure should focus on components with large loads, high speeds, and high vibrations. At the same time, we must also focus on inspection of parts that are prone to wear and damage, such as cutting knives, conveyor belts, lifting ropes, etc. The procedure is as follows: (1) Check for loose fasteners and connectors. Such as the front and rear hangers and tractor attachment bolts. Rear suspension brackets and threshing racks, platen bolts, etc. (2) Check whether each welding is welded off or has cracks, etc.; correct and repair damaged parts. (3) Check if each belt is tensioned. (4) Lubricate the lubrication points as required. (5) Start the engine lifting header to check whether the lifting system is faulty. (6) Place the power output joystick on the “2” position and run from slow to fast air. Check if the moving parts are normal and there are foreign objects in the machine. Check if the conveyor belt is deflected. Before the new machine is used and after it is used for half a day, be sure to perform the above maintenance. (b) Use the operating instructions Before starting the engine, place the shift lever and PTO shaft in the neutral position. The unit started and engaged the power range. When turning and reversing, you must honnate the horn to observe whether there are people and things before and after the crew and do it safely. The operator should concentrate on the work, observe and listen to the mechanical parts for any abnormal noises and phenomena, so that timely detection and troubleshooting can be done to avoid damage to the parts. When working, the crew can only seat one driver. For models with sacks and grain, there may be one food recipient. No overcrowding. Auxiliary personnel should pay attention to the observation of the situation of food intake. When a fault is found, the driver must be notified immediately to stop the malfunction. Note that no matter what kind of failure occurs, it must be eliminated when the machine is completely stopped. It is strictly forbidden to use the hand or tool to eliminate the malfunction during operation, so as to avoid human and machine accidents. The man who operates the combine harvester must be a more skilled tractor driver and trained on combine harvesters. Harvester harvesting is to try to make the right side of the header rely on the cut area to reduce harvesting losses. When engaging and disengaging the PTO shaft, the clutch must be fully depressed. (III) Field operations 1. Field preparation Before the crew goes to work in the field, in order to make the machine work safely and maximize the productivity of the machine, it is necessary to first understand the shape, size, crop variety, yield, degree of lodging and Natural height. Remove the bamboo sticks, stakes, stones and other objects in the field to protect the cutter. If there is a car trap, you can use the benchmark to indicate that you are working around. 2. Before the field harvester can work normally, it must be tested first. After the trial cut, check again whether the components are faulty and make necessary adjustments. After the debugging, start the normal operation again. When you start harvesting, you must open a road. The four-edge harvest method is suitable for large field blocks with similar length and width, and has high efficiency. The left-handed method can exert the highest efficiency for narrow field work. Try to walk straight in the field. If the cutting edge turns, the tiller will not be able to branch well. The crop from the tip of the tiller to the knife will be overwhelmed, and the rear wheel of the tractor will also overwhelm a part of the uncut crop, resulting in human losses. . In order to maintain the optimum state of the harvester, all parts must work at rated speed during operation, which requires the driver to control the engine work under the medium and large throttles. Before entering the cutting area, after engaging the power gear and the gear, increase the throttle first to allow the engine to reach the rated speed, and then relax the clutch pedal. When entering the cutting area, the throttle should remain stable within the cutting area. When the load on the machine is heavy, the driver can step on the clutch to cut off the driving power and allow the harvester to thresh the crop that has entered the machine before moving on. When the machine leaves the cutting area, it should continue to maintain the medium and large throttle for 10 to 20 seconds, so that the final crop into the machine and exhaust the machine and then reduce the throttle. Fourth, the harvester transport and maintenance (A) the transport requirements 1. When the unit self-propelled requirements first raised the header, and the header drawbar hanging on the hanger bracket cruiser shaft, with a split pin lock. Before and during long-distance transportation, it is necessary to check whether there are welding cracks in each welding part, whether the bolts connected with the tractor are loose, whether the rack is deformed, and corresponding measures are taken for protection. The crew will apply slower speeds on the uphill and downhill slopes, and will be assisted by someone in command. Use slow gear when driving on rough roads. Do not carry heavy objects on the harvester. 2. Partial bulk transport requires that all major parts be placed in a working condition and be flat and tightly tied with a wooden bedding, which must not be loosened and cannot be inverted. Banding is not allowed to be tied to thin arms, pulleys, drive shafts, and easily deformed or damaged parts. No heavy objects should be pressed on easily deformable or easily damaged parts. (2) Maintenance The harvester shall not only perform maintenance before daily work, but also perform maintenance on the whole machine after a season of work. To extend the service life and prepare for use in the next season. The maintenance includes: adding fresh butter on each shaft bearing; comprehensively inspecting the wearable parts, repairing or replacing them when necessary; painting or rusting exposed parts; repaint after rust removal; And conveyor belts; steel wire ropes are rust proof. The storage location must be dry, well ventilated and cannot be stored outdoors. Header, thresher and other parts are placed in working condition. All kinds of parts are neatly placed and properly kept, and the headers are to be padded with padding to protect the cutters and other components.

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