Green feed technology
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At present, the cattle-raising industry is developing rapidly. There are more farmers, herdsmen and specialized households raising cattle, and the number of cattle has increased dramatically. The practice of production proves that if we want to raise cattle well and raise the economic benefits of raising cattle, we must allow the cattle to eat green feed in addition to the summer and autumn seasons. Doing a good job in silage work is the only way to solve this problem. Summer and autumn are the golden season for feed silage. In past silage work, some farmers had unsuccessful or poor understanding of the technical aspects of the silage process, resulting in unsuccessful silage and causing undue losses. To this end, the following forms of questions and answers for silage technology are presented below for reference by farmers, herdsmen and professional households. 1. What is silage? What are the main benefits of silage? Answer: Silage is to cut crop stalks (corn stalks, etc.) in fresh green, chopped and filled into a closed silo, and made by microbial fermentation. A storage-resistant feed. This feed basically retains the original green, juicy, nutrient-rich characteristics of green feed. The main benefits of silage are: (1) There are abundant sources of silage, crop stalks (such as corn stalks, etc.), various weeds, grasses, sweet potato vines, leaves, etc., can be silage. (2) Silage is rich in nutrients. During the production, the whole straw (including stems, stems, and leaves) can be used for silage, and the green and leaves of the straw can be preserved. Therefore, most (85% or more) of the nutrients in the crop stalk can be preserved, and the loss of crude protein and carotene is also small (generally, green feed loses 30% to 40% of nutrients after drying, and almost all of the vitamin is lost). (3) Because silage is soft and juicy, smells sweet and sour, has good palatability and is suitable for feeding beef cattle. Beef cattle also like to eat. It also promotes the secretion of digestive glands and has a good effect on improving the digestibility of feed. . (4) The silage production method is simple, low-cost, not subject to weather and season restrictions, and the nutritional value of forage grass can be preserved for a long time (years) without change. So to meet the needs of beef cattle in winter and spring (or throughout the year) feeding green feed. (5) Silage can make full use of the rich forage resources in the region, especially feeding a large amount of corn silage silage to beef cattle, which can greatly reduce the waste of corn stalks. 2. What is the principle of making silage? Answer: Silage is green crop stalk or grass that contains appropriate amount of water, and is chopped and stored in a silo without air, that is, in the absence of oxygen, to make lactic acid bacteria (It is an anaerobic bacterium.) It can reproduce in large numbers and produce a large amount of lactic acid. When the acidity reaches a certain level, it can inhibit the growth of mold and spoilage bacteria, thus allowing most of the nutrients in the forage to be preserved for a long time. 3. What are the requirements for the silo when producing silage? Answer: When making silage, the following requirements must be met regardless of the type and form of the silo. (1) Site selection: Generally speaking, it is necessary to have a high topography, a low groundwater level, a solid soil, a relatively close to the cowshed, and a convenient place for making and accessing silage. (2) The shape and size of the pit: The shape of the pit is generally rectangular and can be built underground, above ground or semi-underground; the depth and size of the pit can be based on the number of cattle raised, the length of the feeding period and the stock to be stored. The number of grasses is designed. Generally, about 500 kilograms of corn stalk can be stored per cubic meter of cellar, and about 700 kilograms of melon can be stored. (3) The silo shall be capable of sealing and preventing the entry of air. The walls shall be straight and smooth to prevent the accumulation of air and facilitate the compaction of the forage. (4) The bottom of the cellar shall form a certain slope from one end to the other, or be built on one end in order to allow excess juice to be removed. 4. What are the types of silo? Answer: With the continuous improvement of feed silage methods, there are many types of silo. (1) Silage cellar: It can be built into two kinds of crypts and cement cellars. It is a kind of mantle-like structure. The construction cost of crypts is low. It is more suitable in mountainous areas with less rainwater and good drainage; brick or stone for cement cellar walls. Blocks are built, 20 cm to 30 cm above the ground, and the inner walls are plastered with cement, which is costly. The walls of the cellar should be smooth and straight, and the upper end of the cellar must be wider than the bottom so as to prevent the soil from falling around; the bottom of the cellar must be sloped to eliminate excessive juice in the forage. Put the plastic film in the dug-out cellar so that the stored forages are all wrapped in plastic film. When making silage in the cellar, care should be taken to prevent the mud from mixing in the forage grass. The mixing of the soil can cause the loss of the forage grass to deteriorate. At the same time, the cellar should not be too large. The number of each pit should not be too much, and multiple excavations can be used. A re-enable one to preserve the quality of silage. (2) Ground silo: It is more suitable in areas with more rainwater and higher groundwater levels. In other areas with conditions, permanent ground pits can also be built. The bottom of the silo is above or slightly below the ground, and the entire cellar wall and pit bottom are made of stones or bricks. The inner wall is cemented to make it straight and smooth. The cellar walls are generally 2.5 to 3 meters high and 10 to 50 meters long. The bottom of the pit is not water seepage. In addition to a certain slope, there should be better drainage around the cellar, in particular to prevent surface water from pouring from the entrance of one end. At the same time, the height of the pit should be suitable, not too high, too high, it will be more difficult to load and step on the real-time, and at the same time it is easy to make the hay that is directly blown into the pit by the lawn mower floating from the top to cause waste. 5. How to make silage Answer: The raw materials for producing silage include green corn stalks, fresh sweet potatoes, green grass and so on. (1) Timely Harvesting: Using crop straw silage, we must grasp the timing. Too early will affect food production; too late will affect the quality of silage. The storage time of corn stalks should be grasped from the following three aspects: First, to see the degree of maturity of the seeds, the milk is cooked early, the cooked orange is late, and the wax is cooked; the second is to look at the ratio of yellow leaves, yellow leaves, and good leaves. Half of it is too old; the third is to look at the number of days of corn growth. Generally 110 days of mature varieties are basically mature, that is to say, sowing corn is around September 10, and after the wheat is broadcast live on September 20, it should be harvested. The silage of sweet potato vines should be cut before the frost, and the cream should be taken out after the frost. In this way, it will not affect the yield of sweet potatoes but also guarantee the quality of silage. (2) Proper drying: If the moisture content of the above-mentioned silage material after harvesting is high, it can be properly spread in the field for 2 to 6 hours to reduce the moisture content to about 65% to 70%. (3) Transportation: After the harvested silage materials are properly air-dried, they must be transported to the grasslands in a timely manner. If the time is too long, the nutrient losses will be high. (4) Cut short: Shortly after the raw material arrives, it should be cut short by a rake, the green corn stalk is 1 to 2 centimeters, the fresh sweet sorghum pod and the madder grass are 2 to 4 centimeters. The shorter the cut, the more pressure can be filled when filling. Robust, beneficial to the exclusion of air, shorten the time of microbial aerobic activity during silage. In addition, the short cutting of silage material is also beneficial to the subsequent silage excavation. The livestock also facilitates feeding and reduces waste. When cutting short with a rake, in addition to grasping the length of the cut, attention should also be paid to the collection of tools such as manpower and machine equipment in order to facilitate fashion and cellar sealing. (5) Cellaring: Short-cut silage materials (corn stalks, etc.) must be loaded into the silo in a timely manner, and can be compacted by short side edges and cellars. In the case of cellaring, it is necessary to press one time for every 20 to 40 centimeters of the container, especially for the circumference and corners of the silo. If there are two or more kinds of raw materials mixed silage, the short-cut raw materials should be uniformly mixed into the cellar. Also check the moisture content of the raw materials. When the moisture is appropriate, hold the raw material tightly with your fingers and the fingers will show the water droplets without dropping down. If you cannot fill the whole cellar on that day or once, you can immediately cover the raw materials in the cellar with a layer of plastic film and continue to store it the next day. (6) Capping: Although the silage material is pressed during the storage, it still sinks after a few days. This is mainly due to the influence of gravity and the reduction of the gap between raw materials. For this purpose, when silos are filled, the silage materials must be filled up to 40 cm to 60 cm above the edge of the cellar, then covered with a piece of plastic film, and then covered with a layer of 5 The short wet wheat straw or straw cm to 10 cm thick is finally compacted with soil. The thickness of the soil is about 30 cm to 40 cm. The surface is smoothed and the pit roof is raised into a hoe shape. 6. How to improve the quality of silage Answer: To improve the quality of silage, the following key points need to be noted. (1) Control of the moisture of silage materials: The moisture content of the crop during silage is one of the key links in determining the quality of silage. It has been proved that the silage of most silage crops is ideal when the moisture content of the silage material is 65% to 70%. If the water content of the raw material is too low, it is not easy to step on the kiln and retain a large amount of air, which is beneficial to the propagation of molds, saprophytic bacteria, etc., and makes the silage rotten and deteriorated; if the water content of raw materials is too high, the concentration of sugar content is reduced, The silage is made sticky and sticky, and it can produce higher acidity. Beef cattle do not like to eat, and their feed intake is reduced. To make the moisture content of silage raw materials meet the specified requirements (ie moisture content of 65% to 70%), first, the silage crops should be harvested in the near future (ie, the whole plant with spiked green corn has 3 to 4 in the lower part of the whole tree) The leaves turn brown; in the case of pure silage cornstalk, when the corn is basically mature, there are more than half of the corn stalks in the leaves.) Secondly, if the moisture content of the raw material is too high, it may be properly air-dried and then stored or properly blended with coarse crushed, crushed hay, etc., to adjust the moisture content; if the raw material has too little water content, the water may be appropriately and uniformly distributed or appropriately mixed with moisture. Lots of green and juicy feed. The proper moisture content should be hand gripping the raw material, and it is better to let the fingers stick out of the water without dropping down. (2) The silage raw material contains a certain amount of sugar: the level of sugar content is the main condition affecting the silage quality. When the raw material has low sugar content and contains many proteins (such as peanut amaranth, soybean stalk, alfalfa grass, etc.), silage alone is not suitable. , It is better to mix silage with raw materials containing many sugars. (3) Quickly install kiln and capping: Once feed silage begins, it is necessary to concentrate manpower and material resources, and cut, transport, chop, and install kiln at the same time. Quickly installing kiln and capping will help shorten the aerobic fermentation time during silage and improve the quality of silage. And to install uniform kiln, pay attention to compaction; cap should be tight, to prevent leakage, breathable. 7. How to know the quality of silage is good or bad A: The quality of silage can be judged after a sensory inspection. (1) Sampling method: After the kiln is opened, go deep into the silo kiln at a depth of 20 cm. According to the three-point sampling method, each hand should be examined. (2) Judgment criteria: 1 is better: its color is greenish green or yellowish green, close to primary colors, and shiny. Its scent is fragrant and the wine's sourness gives a sense of comfort. Its texture structure is moist and tight, but it is easy to separate and stems, flowers, and leaves remain the same. 2 General: The color is yellowish brown or dark, its smell is pungent sour and its fragrance is light. Its texture is slightly more moisture, soft, stems, flowers, leaves can be distinguished. 3 failed: its color is black or brown. Its smell is pungent, corrupt or musty. Its texture is rotted, sticky, agglomerated or over-dried, not structural. 8. What are the main causes of poor quality silage? Answer: There are two kinds of quality silage: One is rancid silage. This kind of silage has insufficient sourness, has obvious rancid odor, has a pungent sensation, is mostly dark green, has a high water content, and feels sticky when touched by hand. This rancidity silage poor palatability, nutritional value is very low, if the beef cattle eat too much can cause diarrhea. The main reason for this poor quality feed is that the silage material is not harvested within a suitable period of time, the water content is too high, it is not dried, or it is caused by rainwater entering the silage process and after silage. Another poor quality silage is coked silage with a burnt or musty brown or dark brown color. Its low moisture content, poor palatability, low nutritional value. The reason is that the silage material is too mature and the harvest is too late. The raw material is cut too long, it is not easy to compact or the kiln is not timely, the delay is too long, and the cap is too late, resulting in too much heat for the silage material due to oxidation. 9. How to feed cows with silage? Should pay attention to what? A: After the silage is sealed, it usually takes 40 to 50 days (the shortest time is 21 days) to open the cellar. At the time of access, the rectangular cellar should be taken vertically from one end. When the material is taken in stages, the long white hair or decay around the cellar must be carefully sorted out. After each retrieving, the silo is to be tightly closed and pressed with a plastic cloth. In fact, prevent the second fermentation. Feeding methods: Feeding cattle with silage for the first time should be followed by several days of training, so that cattle gradually become accustomed to feeding silage. The amount of feed should be increased from small to large and gradually increase. It can be mixed with other feeds and fed. Single feed silage. Feeding amount: Generally per head per day: Yak 5 to 10 kg, adult fattening cattle 8 to 15 kg. 10. What are the advantages of using silage to produce corn silage? A: Indica maize, corn, is corn that is cooked when milk is cooked and waxed when cooked. In people's habits, corn kernels are used as a concentrate feed, but they are unwilling to cut corn into silage during milk-cooking and wax-cooking. This is considered a pity. In fact, there are many silages produced from highland corn. Benefits: (1) The ratio of total nutrients obtained per unit area to the amount of total nutrients per unit area increased by 15% for barley corn compared with corn harvested after ripening. The digestible crude protein is similar, and carotene is 20 times higher. The nutritional characteristics of barley corn are: rich in carbohydrates, more soluble sugars, slightly sweet, beef cattle like to eat. Therefore, its digestibility is higher than that of mature corn. (2) The yield of highland barley maize is high, the yield per mu is up to 4,000 to 6,000 kilograms, the sowing period is long, and it is easy to include in the crop rotation plan. From April to July, it can be divided into batches, so the utilization period is also long. (3) The harvest of the barley maize can be advanced by about 10 to 20 days, which can increase the land utilization rate, increase the multiple cropping index, and arrange the sowing time more flexibly. The labor force arrangement is not limited by the season. (4) Maize that is cooked with milk and wax is harvested with suitable moisture content and more sugars. It is an excellent silage material and can be used as a high-quality silage with fragrant odor, good palatability, and low production cost to develop cattle industry. , It is worth promoting. 11. What are the benefits of adding urea to silage? A: Corn silage and other silage contain high energy, but the protein content is very low. Only 2.3% of crude protein was calculated as wet weight. If 5 kg of urea is added to 1 ton of silage corn stover during silage, the crude protein of silage corn stove feed can be increased by 1.4%. Feeding young cows and empty cows with this urea-added silage can satisfy their protein requirements. At present, the use of urea to feed beef cattle is to mix the urea melt with the concentrate before feeding. Although this can achieve the effect of protein supplementation, it affects the feed intake of the concentrate to the cattle. When urea is added to silage, the relative concentration of urea is reduced due to the large amount of feed, which will not affect the feed intake of cattle to silage. Method for adding urea to silage: Before the silage begins, first mix the urea into a solution of 25% (ie, 100 kg of water and add 25 kg of urea), store it in a certain container, and then pick it up while silage. The urea solution was sprayed on the surface of the corn stove with a micro sprayer. The spray volume is: spraying 25% urea solution 20 kg per ton of corn silage. Spraying, while installing the pits, requires uniform spraying.