Identification and Comprehensive Prevention Technology of Major Tomato Diseases
Ningxia Goji Berries,Organic Goji Berry,Ningxia Goji Berry Dried Fruit Nuts Co.,Ltd , http://www.chdriedfruits.com
Tomato is one of the main vegetables in the vegetable basket construction project in our city. In our district, the annual planting area is more than 100hm2. There are many kinds and complexity of tomato diseases, and the technical requirements for prevention and control are high. We should adopt agricultural control as the basis for the occurrence of diseases. Chemical control is the main comprehensive control technology. First, the disease identification 1. Phlegm fall disease: the main damage seedlings, stem base was flooded at the beginning of the disease, after the contraction, causing seedlings tripping or dead; humidity, diseased seedlings or seedlings around the seedlings grow out White flocculent layer. 2. Early blight: Leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits that are harmful to the seedling and adult plants. The leaves were infected with a gray-brown near-four-shaped lesion with concentric ring veins, yellow halos around the lesions, and diseased leaves developed from bottom to top. The stems mostly invade the branches and form brown oval or irregular lesions. The fruit was infected and formed a brown pitted spot with a ring pattern. The lesions produced a dark green to black villous layer. 3. Sclerotinia: Both the seedling stage and the adult stage are infested. The young shoots of the seedlings were damaged. They were initially water-stained, chlorotic, and brownish soft rot. They gradually expanded around the stems and died over the diseased part. In the adult stage, the main disease is in the stem bifurcation near the ground, showing a pale brown lesion, and the diseased part is wilt to death. The leaves were attacked, water stained, chlorotic, and later expanded into light yellow or light brown lesions. The incidence of fruit begins with the adhesion of young fruit and residual petal. It begins to rot in the water stain and then spreads to the whole fruit. At high humidity, white cotton-like hyphae grew out of the diseased part, and black rat sclerotia were eventually formed. 4. Botrytis cinerea: At the beginning of the seedling stage, the apex of the cotyledon becomes yellow, and then spreads to the young stem, and the shrunk shrinks. In adult stage, leaf lesions often began with pale yellow-brown lesions starting from the tip of the leaf and gradually expanded inwards into v-shaped lesions. The first part of the stem was spotted with water-stained spots, which later expanded into oval-shaped pale brown spots. When severe, the stems circled around the stems for one week and died above the lesions. The victims of the disease started from the adhesion of young fruit and petals and showed water-stained yellow-brown lesions at the beginning, and the brown rot of the whole fruit after expansion. Diseases and health at the junction clearly, the disease at the end of the disease have a gray brown mold layer. 5. Late blight: mainly damage leaves and green fruit. The seedlings became infected, and the lesions spread from the leaves to the main stem, making the stems thin and dark brown, causing the seedlings to wilt or fold, and the diseased parts to produce white mold during high humidity. In the adult stage, the leaves are affected, and most of them start from the lower tip or the leaf margin. At the beginning, they are irregular spots with dark green water spots, and they turn brown after being enlarged. At the time of high-humidity disease, sparsely grown white filth grows at the junction of the disease. Fruit infection mainly occurs on green fruits. The lesions are dark green with oily appearance at the beginning, dark brown to tan after dark, slightly sunken, with sharp edges, irregular moiré, and generally soft fruits. When the humidity is high, the disease minister makes a small amount. White mold, quickly rot. 6. M.blight disease: The main damage to green fruits, mostly from the pedicle of the fruit near the fruit shoulder or the beginning of the disease, the initial surface smooth with light brown lesions, generally concentric ring pattern, after becoming light brown, high humidity when the white mold layer grows The diseased fruit does not soften, deform, and fall off easily. 7. Leaf mold: mainly damage leaves. On the back of the onset of the disease, the ovary or irregular chlorotic macular is obtrusive on the abaxial surface. The posterior positive disease class gradually turns brown, and the lesion is long and sparsely dark brown. The lesion on the back of the leaf has a layer of white mold and gradually turns grayish purple to Dark brown fluffy fungus layer. Finally, the edge of the blade curls upwards and is yellowish-brown. 8. Bacterial wilt: Generally symptoms appear during the flowering period. First, the tip of the leaf begins to droop, then the lower leaf withered, and finally the middle leaf withered. In the early stage of disease, it wilted during the day, recovered sooner or later, and the diseased leaves became shallow. The leaves no longer recovered and died, and the leaves did not fall off easily. Stem base rough, adventitious roots in the lower stem, damp, diseased stems often appear water-stained brown streaks, stem disease stems, vascular bundles become brown, broken disease stems, squeeze or moisturizing after milky mucus overflow. 9. Viral disease: The field performance includes mosaic type, fern leaf type, streak type, giant bud type, leaf roll type, yellow top type, etc. The first three types are common. Yellow and green mottled leaves appeared on the leaves, veins were transparent, and leaves were slightly shrunken. The plants were dwarfed. The upper leaves became all or part of a line, and the middle and lower leaves were slightly revolved, and the corolla was thickened. Large, the formation of giant flowers for the fern leaf type; occurred in the leaves for the dark brown spots or moire, dark brown patches on the stem, the discoloration part is only in the surface tissue, not deep inside the stem, for the stripe type. 10. Fusarium Wilt: Generally, symptoms begin at the flower and fruit stage. At the beginning, the lower cortex of the stem is water-stained and brown. The leaves gradually turn yellow and wilting from the bottom to the top. Sometimes the diseased leaves are only on one side of the plant and the other side is normal. The stem of the longitudinal cut shows that the vascular bundle has turned brown. The diseased part produces white or pink molds in high humidity. 11. Soft rot: It mainly affects stems and fruits. Stems start from the wounds caused by pruning at the branches, resulting in rot and odor in the pith tissue. After the loss of water in the contraction, the diseased branches and leaves are wilting and the leaves turn yellow, but in the longitudinal section, the vascular bundle does not change color. . The fruit was damaged, and it was initially water-stained, with translucent and round lesions. After spreading to most or all of the fruit, it resembled scald-like disease. The diseased tissue was soft rot, pale brown in color, and the flesh had an odor. 12. Spot disease: mainly damage leaves. The initial disease was brownish, and then expanded to a nearly round or oblong tan lesion, with a yellow halo around the outer edge and a clear purple brown ring in the middle. At the time of high humidity, the surface of the lesion produces a dark gray moldy layer. 13. Coal mycotic disease: mainly damage the leaves. The leaves had pale brown to yellow patches on the front, the edges were not obvious, and the lesions were brown in later stages. Leaves on the back of the leaves yellowish-green near-circular or irregular spots, the edge is not obvious, the surface of the brown hairy hairy mildew, mold layer expansion quickly, can cover the entire leaf back. 14. Anthrax: The main damage to mature fruits. The diseased part was born with water-stained and transparent small spots. It was black after enlargement. It was slightly depressed with a concentric ring pattern. It had dense black dots and secreted pale red mucilage, which eventually caused fruit rot or shedding. Second, comprehensive prevention and control 1. Rotation. Reducing the host of pathogens and cutting off infestation bridges generally require rotation of vegetables with non-solanum and non-melon crops for 3-4 years or more. 2. Selection of disease-resistant varieties, seed disinfection, selected disease-free seedlings. In particular, there are many methods for the disinfection of seeds, and the commonly used method is to soak seed with 50% carbendazim WP 500 times for 1 hour, and then germinate after washing to prevent various diseases such as wilt disease. 3. Seed bed disease prevention. Use 40% seed dressing double powder 8g/m2, mix 40kg dry fine soil, mix thoroughly, take 1/3 of the drug soil and spread it on the seedbed, and 2/3 of the drug soil covers the seed, which is used to prevent damping-off. The effective method. 4. Planting hole application soil. The 50% carbendazim WP was mixed with dry fine soil in the ratio of 1:100 and applied to the planting hole to prevent fusarium wilt. 5. Strengthen field management, especially shed management. N, P, K formula fertilization, greenhouse temperature should be strictly controlled, timely removal of stagnant water, watering should be carried out in the morning to prevent condensation, the initial disease should be controlled watering, avoid excessive, ventilation should be based on the temperature within the shed The situation of pick-up is flexible. Generally, it will release air after a short time after sunset, which will help reduce the temperature in the shed. Avoid pruning on rainy days, remove diseased leaves, diseased branches, and diseased fruits in time and place them deeply buried or burned. Disperse a little lime or perfumed formalin on the diseased holes. Combine the prevention and treatment of falling fruit and fruit, add 0.1% of 50% fast keratin WP in the prepared 2,4-D or anti-droplet to prevent botrytis and so on. In addition, Spraying Green Fenway No. 2 500 to 1000 times can improve plant disease resistance. 6. Timely prevention and control of aphids, cut off the route of transmission, the agent can be used 20% Kangfu more liquid solvents can be 10000 times, or 10% imidacloprid WP5000 times, or 23% aktai WG10000 times spray. 7. Chemical control: master medication in the initial stage of disease, generally every 7 to 1Od1 times, for 3 to 4 consecutive times, according to different conditions, select the appropriate method and counterparts, the right medicine. (1) Smoke method: Control of gray mold, etc., in the early morning of the disease, close the greenhouse with a smoked spirit I (effective ingredient is chlorothalonil) or II (effective ingredient is chlorothalonil) smoke. In the rainy days, it is better to choose the smoke before the growth. (2) Powder spraying method: 5% chlorothalonil dust or 6.5% vanillin dust can be used. Each standard shed, 1kg each time, can be alternately used with the smoke method to control botrytis, late blight. Wilt can be treated with 50% carbendazim WP 500 times, or 10% double effect AC 200 times, or 5% anti-low or 10% double effect AC 200 times, or 5% anti-humine AC 500 times; control bacterial wilt The use of agricultural streptomycin or neomycin, 200 mg/kg, or 25.9% phytotoluene (cobalt ammonia-copper zinc) WC 800 times, or 12% green lactone EC 500 times. (4) Spray method: According to different diseases, choose different agents and multiple spray control. (Zhejiang Jiangbei District Agricultural Bureau, Mao Guozhong, Zhang Zhaokang, Li Hongyang, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China Zhuangqiao Agricultural Technology Station, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, China Wang Weiguo)