Warming shed spring bitter gourd cultivation measures
1, selected excellent species When greenhouse bitter gourd is cultivated, medium and early-maturing varieties with strong growth potential, moderate branching force and outstanding resistance characteristics should be selected, such as long bitter gourd, summer-harvest bitter gourd, green bitter gourd, and big white bitter gourd. 2, timely sowing The bitter gourd needs about 100 days from sowing to picking. Should try to ensure the off-season picking market. Northern China's bitter gourd planted in early spring sowing period is from late February to mid-March, the general picking peak period can be delayed until early July. 3, cultivate strong seedlings Prepare before sowing. 15-20 days before sowing, deep plowing and turning soil, combined with cultivating 3,000-4,000 kg per acre of cooked manure, with SF compound fertilizer 15 kg-20 kg. After drying in the fields for 7-10 days, seal the sheds for 5-7 days and fully sterilize the soil and temperature sheds through sunlight and high temperature. After flattening the ground, reserve the open space on the east side of the temperature shed, build a loquat width of 1.1-1.3 meters, prepare the seedbed, and then ridge up in the north-south direction to cover the mulch to ensure warming. Seed treatment. The seed shell of bitter gourd seeds is thick and hard, so it must be soaked before sowing. Seed first soaked in warm water of 55°C for 20-30 minutes, rinse off the mucus on the surface of seed shell, then soak in warm water of 30°C for 6-8 hours, remove and put into 10% trisodium phosphate solution After soaking for 15-20 minutes, moisturize and germinate under conditions of 30°C-32°C. When most of the seed openings are white, you can sow. Generally, the amount per mu is 0.75 kg-1 kg. Shed nursery. Before sowing, soak the bottom water. After the water is completely infiltrated, sow the germinated seeds evenly on the seedbed, cover the fine earth 1.5 cm to 2 cm thick, and then take a small arch to keep the temperature inside the shed at 25°C, 5-7. The day can be Qimiao. When the seedlings grow to two leaves and one heart, they gradually remove the film on the shed and exhale the seedlings. When the plants grow to 4-5 true leaves, they are ready to plant. Do not water the seedlings as much as possible to prevent the seedlings from growing. When the seedlings were found to be light in color and weak in growth, the mixture of 1% urea and 2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate could be sprayed on the leaves to promote seedling rejuvenation. 4, timely transplanting When the seedlings grew to 5-6 true leaves, they were transplanted and planted. When transplanting, the plants were planted with perforations ranging from 70 cm to 80 cm in spacing and 30 cm to 35 cm in plant spacing, and 2500-3000 strains were planted per mu. When taking the seedlings, it is necessary to make the bandits complete and to avoid injury. Depth of planting is suitable for flat surfaces of the cotyledons. After the planting, the ridge was filled with water, and the soil was pressed through the membrane. Finally, the greenhouse was closed and the temperature was raised. 5, field management Pruning leads. After planting and easing seedlings, they began to release air, keeping them at 20°C-25°C during the day and 15°C-18°C at night. After the plants stretched, they were fixed on the crossbeams at the south and north ends of the greenhouse by wire along the ridges and ridges, and then the nylon cords were hung on the wire for climbing on shelves. The bitter gourd has strong branching power, and the side vines grow luxuriantly. If they are allowed to grow, not only the consumption of nutrients will hinder the normal growth and flowering of the main vine, but also the field will be covered and the air and light will be affected. Therefore, in the process of attracting vines, we should eliminate the old vines and thin side vines, remove the old leaves and yellow leaves in time to increase photosynthesis, concentrate the main nutrient supply, promote the coloration of fruits and improve the quality and yield. Temperature control. The optimum temperature of bitter gourd flowering is about 25°C. The minimum temperature in the early morning should not be lower than 12°C. When the shelf temperature exceeds 25°C in the daytime, the film can be released and the night temperature can be maintained at about 15°C. On sunny days, open the haystack after 9am and set it aside after 4pm. In the event of rain and snow and cold weather, in addition to prolonging the cover time, it is necessary to remove the residual snow and grime on the shed film as soon as possible, or to take additional artificial lighting measures such as adding additional lights and increasing the number of light curtains, so as to increase the temperature of the shed and increase the temperature of the shed. Meet the normal growth needs of bitter gourd. Fertilizer management. From planting to flowering stage, the bitter gourd plants are small, and the amount of water required for fertilizers is not large. In the fruiting stage, the amount of fertilizers needs to increase rapidly. Therefore, it is necessary to top-dress during bud setting and during picking period. The topdressing should be carried out before the irrigation. Each mu of cooked chicken manure 50 kg -75 kg, with the application of humic acid compound fertilizer 20 kg -25 kg. When watering, it is advisable to use small water for pouring and avoid flooding. Usually, it should be done before noon on sunny days, and it should not be watered in cold and cold weather. Artificial pollination. Momordica charantia is a cross-pollination crop. In the greenhouse cultivation environment, there are very few pollinators. Artificial pollination can effectively increase fruit setting rate and significantly improve the quality of melon strips. The pollination time is usually 7-9 am, and smearing female stigmas with 2,4-D at the same time can prevent the melons. Pest Control. The bitter gourd has strong resistance and is less affected by pests and diseases. If pests such as blight, anthracnose, spotted mite, grasshopper, whitefly, spotted fly, and fruit fly are found, they can make full use of the enclosed environment of the greenhouse, and use high-efficiency, low-toxicity, low-residue pollution-free pesticides. Treat symptomatically. Can be fumigated with chlorothalonil smoke agent for 8-12 hours, or sprayed with 15% triadimefon WP 1500 times to control bacterial blight, anthrax, and spot disease; use fumigating smoke control agent or dichlorvos to control aphids, Whitefly; using dichlorvos smoke agent fumigation or spraying 0.2% avermectin EC 2000 times liquid to control spotted fly and fruit fly. 6, picking in time Bitter gourd is usually grown 10-15 days after flowering. The melon and fruit are fully grown. The corolla is dry and detached. The stripes and nodules on the peel of the green skin are obviously enlarged. The melon strips are full and full, the skin color is green and shiny, and the white skin is melon. The fruit color changes from green to white green and can be picked when the variety characteristics are fully displayed. When picking, use fruit and scissors to cut the fruit handle lightly to avoid pulling and tearing and damage the fruits. Plant extracts can be used in animal husbandry materials. 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