The cactus plants (Cdctus) originate from the tropical and arid desert regions of the Americas. They have a wide variety of species and are widely distributed. There are 140 genera and more than 2,000 species in the world, and most of them are available for viewing. In the cactus kingdom of America, Mexico has abundant cactus resources, accounting for half of the world's cactus species. There is a very important species - edible cactus. China's Ministry of Agriculture's Quality Agricultural Products Development and Service Center has successfully introduced a major species of Mexico's edible cactus, the Mibanga cactus (MILAP ALTA). In December 1999, the Hubei Seed Management Station and our field jointly introduced and developed 600 varieties of this variety at the Quality Agricultural Product Development and Service Center of the Agriculture Department of Hainan Province. Cuttings of 280 m2 have been successful. After 6 months of cactus breeding, 2580 pieces of seeds have been produced and 667 m2 of output value. Up to 160,000 yuan. 1. Exploitation and utilization value of edible cacti According to the preliminary research report provided by the implementation point of germplasm improvement of National Vegetable System Engineering Technology Research Center, the nitrogen content and crude protein content of Mibanga cactus are basically the same as the control vegetables (cabbage and lettuce). And cucumber) flat or slightly lower, belong to the lower protein content vegetables, water-soluble amino acid content is not high, mainly threonine, serine and tyrosine, cellulose, vitamin C, β-carotene, soluble sugar The content is not outstanding; the organic acid is dominated by citric acid and malic acid, and oxalic acid is not detected; among them, the contents of potassium, calcium, copper, iron, manganese, barium and silicon are higher than those of other vegetables, especially Potassium content is significantly higher than other vegetables, and sodium and heavy metal content are very low. The content of flavonoids (rutin, quercetin) and polysaccharides is relatively high and it is a vegetable with potential for development. The edible cactus uses the tender piece for dishes. The method is to use a brush to brush the soft-skin soft-thorn, and then use a blade to gently cut the front and back sides to remove the green soft thorn and the seat of the spiny and shave off the edge of the tender piece. Net, cut into the desired shape, marinate with salt or sugar for 15 minutes (minutes), then rinse with water several times, you can eat fresh or with a variety of ingredients. The edible cactus tender pieces can be stored for 7 days and can be stored in the refrigerator storage cabinet for 30 days. Eat cactus as a cold dish, can be mixed with a variety of food; cooked food, cut into pieces, pieces, silk, strips, dices and other shapes, fry, fry, fry, boil can be, such as cactus scrambled eggs, quail chicken, fried meat Silk and other dishes, crispy texture, refreshing and refreshing, and can be processed into canned pickled (salt) dishes, its sweet and sour taste, slightly fragrance, its crisp and smooth feeling is similar to our famous Sichuan pickles. 2. Edible Opuntia cactus cultivation technology The cactus native to America, Mexico, has its climate conditions mainly composed of tropical marine climate, tropical dry and wet climate, inland tropical arid climate and subtropical arid climate. The north shore of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River is a typical subtropical monsoon climate with four distinct seasons. The climate conditions of the two places are quite different: the origin generally has less rainfall and higher temperatures, and the minimum winter temperature is above 10 degrees. In the summer, it can reach 38 degrees Celsius. In May-August, it is the rainy season. Rainfall is a tropical rainstorm. It drops once a day for only 0.5-10 h (hours). From October to April, it is dry season, and it is almost no rain. I The annual average temperature of the climate is 16.9 degrees, and the minimum temperature in winter is generally around -5 degrees, with the lowest year reaching -10.4 degrees. The summer temperature is similar to that of Mexico. The rainfall is abundant. The annual rainfall is 1213mm. Although the rainfall is concentrated from June to August, different degrees of precipitation occur every month throughout the year. Therefore, it is necessary to study the adaptive cultivation techniques under different environmental conditions for introduction and development. . 2.1 Selection of land The cactus is like sunshine, afraid of wetness, resistance to slim, roots can not be long-term soaking, and the origin is a desert area. Therefore, the soil that chooses to cultivate cactus first considers sandy soil, and the aggregate structure should not be too tight, containing organic calcium and humic acid, and the pH value is neutral or slightly acidic, and the drainage is good. The soil in our country is the alluvial sediments of the Yangtze River, soil in the soil, PH value of 6.5-7.5, due to the compact structure of soil particles, is not conducive to the growth of cactus roots. In order to meet the requirements of the soil texture of edible cacti, soil preparation must be improved during soil preparation. A total of three treatments are set up. Treatment 1: The sand is changed to the soil and blended in a 1:1 proportion of mud and river sands. 18cm; Treatment 2: Tide sandy soil from the Yangtze River beach, thickness 18cm; Treatment 3: River sand, thickness 18cm. The whole compartment is divided into two steps. The first step is to be a 6m wide compartment, which must be matched with a large shed. The drainage trench must be excavated around. The width of the trench is 30cm and the depth of the trench is 50cm. The second step is then completed into a small compartment for convenience. Operation, each compartment is divided into four small compartments, each compartment is 1.2m wide and 40cm wide. After the car is well-built, it will be fertilized in a trench, and 667m2 will be used to compost 1000 kg of organic fertilizer. Two compartments will be opened for each compartment and the depth of the trench will be 20cm. Test results can be normal growth of all three treatments. However, it is best to use sandy soil. 2.2 The planting of edible cactus The cultivation methods of edible cactus are mainly cuttings, and the cutting can be carried out in four seasons. However, according to the information provided by Hainan High Quality Agricultural Products Service Center, the correct time for planting is appropriate for spring and autumn. The suitable temperature for planting is 20-32 degrees, and the soil should not be too wet. If the soil is too wet, the excessive breeding of anaerobic microorganisms in the soil will cause rot of the stems. Since the introduction time was early in December 1999, according to the introduction time and the actual growth of the cactus, we actually planted the spring, summer and autumn plums for three times. For the first time on March 9, 600 pieces were planted and the survival rate was 99.6%. The second time on May 23, 200 pieces were planted and the survival rate was 95.4%. The second time on August 5, 290 pieces were planted, and the survival rate was 90.4%. The method of planting and density of the edible cactus: Both the rows and the palms are east-west direction, so that the stem pieces face the sun, and both sides can get sufficient sunshine in the afternoon, which is beneficial to photosynthesis and promote growth and development. Plant spacing 40cm, row spacing 67cm, 667m2 planted 1600 pieces, before planting new planted tablets placed in the sun drying, until the wound water loss dry, and then disinfectant and sterilized with lime sulfur. When the cuttings are to be ground, the size of the hole depends on the size of the seedlings. The holes are filled with sandy soil containing no organic matter. The cactus slices are compacted, and the depth of the cuttings is preferably 2/5 of the length of the palms. . Pay special attention before the seedlings come out. Do not put seedlings directly in contact with the soil. 2.3 Overwintering of edible cactus Because we introduce the cactus in the early December, the cactus is in a dormant period, and it should not be planted in winter. In order to facilitate safe wintering and centralized management, the fixed cutting bed is used to plant the plants in the greenhouse to focus on wintering. The bed is sand, and the shed is covered with a double shed. Each shed has an area of ​​120 square meters. The 250W infrared lamp is installed within 4 ft. The day-night method is used to increase the temperature. The minimum temperature in the shed is controlled. Above 2 degrees, the soil temperature is 7-8 degrees, and the extreme minimum temperature in the greenhouse film is about -4 degrees. 2.4 Field management of edible cactus Fertilizer Although the edible cactus is drought-tolerant, thin, and has strong vitality, it still needs fertilization as artificial cultivation. Fertilization is divided into base fertilizer and top dressing, mainly organic fertilizer, supplemented by P and K fertilizers. 667 square meters of base fertilizer is made of organic fertilizer 1000 kg. It is applied in site preparation. Topdressing is carried out in two batches. The first time is strong manure, which is carried out when seedlings are 6 cm in length after cutting, and 667 m2 is used to make 50 kg of cooked cake. , or chicken manure 100kg or add appropriate amount of P, K fertilizer, furrow. The second time for the emergence of Miaofei, after harvesting some of the palm piece, in order to promote the continued sprouting, should immediately topdressing, the amount of the same strong Miaofei. During the dormant period, no fertilizer is required. Water management is not watered in the early stages of cactus cutting and before rooting. After rooting, during the period of vigorous growth, the cactus' demand for water is relatively large. If there is too little natural rainfall, or if you plant in a protected area and the soil below the surface of 15 cm does not pinch, you need to replenish the water and thoroughly soak the water. In daily management, stop watering as temperatures decrease. During the dormant period of cactus, as long as the soil is dry, do not water it, and keep the soil moist. From the perspective of the rainfall in my field and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the main thing is that the drainage should be timely and not waterlogged. Particular care should be taken not to plant in places with high groundwater levels, such as in low lake areas where groundwater levels must be reduced. The pests and diseases of edible cacti are generally not very serious in the control of edible cactus pests. Common rot, red spider and scale insects are common. Rot disease is a major disease that damages the edible cactus. It has both bacterial and fungal characteristics. The symptoms of the disease are that the tissue near the surface of the plant's base is brownish and soft, and gradually spreads upwards, resulting in the death of the whole plant. The occurrence of the disease is often related to long-term soil moisture and poor ventilation. After the diseased plant is found, the soil and decayed parts around the diseased plant should be excavated immediately and removed from the field. The decayed part of the stem piece should be cut off and the cut stem piece should be removed. Apply sulphur powder or ash to the wound, lightly dry it, heal it, and then plant it again. There are many species of red spiders, which breed in high temperature and dry conditions, and are afraid of cold or wet. They should be promptly treated after discovery. Otherwise, the chlorophyll of the damaged plant stems will decrease and gradually turn brown. It can use 1200-1500 times of dichlorvos or 2500-3000 times of dimethoate. The liquid is sprayed on sunny days and the spray must be uniform. The scale insects are mainly based on manual scraping, minimizing the use of chemical pesticides. Edible cactus can be used for picking, old and tender pieces can be used, and the stem piece is suitable for fullness and plumpness. The small stem pieces or sprouts produced on the stem do not have to be removed. The palm pieces used for vegetables must be picked within one and a half months, the older the stem pieces, the higher the acidity, the more tender the stem pieces, the lower the acidity, the premature picking will affect the yield, the picking will be too late, the acidity will be increased, and due attention should be paid to timely picking. .
