Technical guidance for drinking water for dairy cows in drought areas
In order to thoroughly implement the important guiding spirit of General Secretary Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao on drought relief and spring agricultural production, further implement the important speech delivered by Minister Han Changfu at the National Spring Cultivation Conference and the overall deployment of the national agricultural science and technology households, and the dairy cattle technology project Organize relevant experts, carefully investigate and analyze the current situation in the drought-stricken areas, and put forward technical measures for drinking water for dairy cows in the drought-stricken areas for the reference of dairy farmers. I hope that in the face of disasters, everyone will overcome the difficulties and ensure the safety and stability of the dairy industry. 2. Reduce water use and increase wastewater treatment and recycling
First, the current disaster situation of dairy cows
Since the fall of 2009, five provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) such as Guangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan have suffered severe droughts, and some of them have experienced droughts in a hundred years. According to the People's Daily, at present, 11.89 million large livestock in five provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) are suffering from dry drinking. The number of cows affected is expected to be more than 200,000.
Second, the response to drought in dairy cows drinking water measures
(1) Temporary emergency measures
1. Guide cows to reduce drinking water demand
(1) Reduce movement and direct sunlight. Cows tend to accelerate the evaporation of skin moisture during exercise and exposure to sunlight, resulting in increased demand for drinking water. Therefore, the cow's movement can be appropriately reduced, and the exercise time should be selected in the morning and evening temperatures.
(2) Dry milk in time to reduce milk production. Studies have shown that for every kilogram of milk produced by a cow, the amount of water required is about 3 kg. In the current severe drought situation, intervention in milk production can effectively reduce the drinking water demand of dairy cows. For high-yield dairy cows in the pre-lactation period, the milking amount and milking frequency can be appropriately reduced to reduce the milk production; for the late lactation and low-yield dairy cows, early dry milk can be implemented to reduce the milk drinking demand of the cows.
(3) Reduce dry matter intake. Studies have shown that when the dry matter content of the diet is reduced from 50% to 30%, the daily drinking water requirement per cow can be reduced by 33 kg. Farms (households) can gradually increase the amount of succulent feeds such as silage, bean curd, scum, carrots, potatoes and melons, because the water content of these materials is generally above 80%, which can reduce dry matter intake. The purpose of reducing the demand for drinking water for dairy cows.
(4) Supply drinking water at a suitable temperature. Studies have shown that the optimal water temperature for dairy cows is 17-27 °C; when the drinking water temperature of cows is 10.5 °C, the water temperature is 27.2 °C, and the drinking water of cows increases by 7.7%. Therefore, under the current temperature conditions, when the farm (household) supplies drinking water to the cows, the water that has just been taken out from the deep well cannot be directly used by the cows to drink, and the water that can be taken out of the water can be stored in the water storage tower or the water storage tower. Place in the tank and use it for dairy cows after the water temperature rises.
2. Strengthen the purification and disinfection of unconventional water sources and store water in multiple channels.
Due to the drought, there is often no room for water and even some household water. However, we must pay attention to strengthen disinfection to avoid inducing diseases and spreading diseases. For some surface water such as stagnant water and turbid water, and collected rainwater, it should be purified first and then disinfected. Purification can be carried out by sedimentation and filtration methods. Precipitation is mostly used for alum. Filtration commonly used filter materials are slag, charcoal, etc. Disinfection is preferably bleached and disinfected. Generally, 6-10 g of water per cubic meter of water is added or 0.2 g of poison is added. . Do not use some water sources that are contaminated by industrial pollution and pathogens.
(2) Long-term improvement measures
1. Renovation of dairy cow water supply and storage infrastructure
It is necessary to gradually phase out the water supply method for the long-flowing water tanks, and promote the installation of automatic water supply equipment, such as automatic drinking water bowls; and frequently repair the water supply facilities to prevent drinking water from running, running, dripping, leaking, etc. At the same time, it is necessary to be prepared for danger and to strengthen the reconstruction and reconstruction of supporting water storage facilities.
In the production of livestock and poultry, the water used for cleaning the house is relatively large. The method of flushing large water should be gradually changed, and the manual or mechanical dry cleaning method should be implemented to reduce the amount of water used for cleaning. At the same time, it actively introduces the anaerobic treatment of aquaculture wastewater and reuses it for disinfection and recycling technology to improve the recycling rate of water resources.
3, vigorously promote straw silage technology
At present, the utilization rate of silage in China is still low. Due to the open storage, the straw not only seriously reduces the nutritional value of the feed, but also the water in the straw is also lost, and the water loss is as high as 80%. Therefore, the straw silage technology should be widely promoted, which not only improves the straw utilization efficiency, but also makes full use of the water resources in the straw.
4. Actively implement the renovation of the shed
Renovate the barn and sports facilities to reduce the water requirement of the cow by reducing the ambient temperature of the cow's body surface. The temperature has a great influence on the drinking water of the cows. Studies have shown that when the body temperature of the cows is increased from 18 °C to 30 °C, the drinking water of the cows increases by 29%. Therefore, the farm (household) should reduce the surface temperature of the cow's body surface by transforming the barn or sports field facilities. The sports field should be built to avoid the shade shelter, so that the cows can lie down and rest, reducing the surface water loss caused by excessive ambient temperature. The barn should also be built with extended shielding panels to reduce the temperature inside the barn.
In short, in the face of drought, the majority of farmers must strengthen their confidence, and on the basis of ensuring people's drinking needs, we must do our utmost to ensure the drinking water needs of livestock. Experts and technical instructors at all levels should actively go deep into the drought, guide farmers to carry out production self-help, help dairy farmers in the disaster areas to successfully overcome the water shortage, and reduce the production losses of dairy cows in the drought areas to a minimum.