Water and fertilizer integration technology
Water and fertilizer integration technology is a new agricultural technology that integrates irrigation and fertilization. The integration of water and fertilizer is based on pressure irrigation system. Fertilizer made of soluble solid fertilizer or liquid fertilizer is mixed with irrigation water and evenly and accurately transported to the root of the crop. Using the fertigation technology, the demand for the whole growth period can be designed according to the crop growth requirements, and the moisture and nutrients can be quantified, timed, and directly provided to the crop in proportion. Pressure irrigation includes spray irrigation and micro-irrigation. At present, the commonly used form is the combination of micro-irrigation and fertilization, and the combination of drip irrigation, micro-spraying, and fertilization is predominant. The micro-irrigation fertilization system consists of four parts: the water source, the head hub, the distribution pipeline, and the emitter. Water sources include: rivers, reservoirs, wells, ponds, etc.; first hubs include motors, pumps, filters, fertilisers, control and measuring equipment, and protection devices; transmission and distribution pipelines include main, dry, branch, and wool pipelines and pipeline control Valves; emitters include drippers or sprinklers, drip tape. First, the appropriate range This technology is suitable for fixed water sources such as wells, reservoirs, and reservoirs, and it has good water quality and conforms to the requirements of micro-irrigation. It has also built or has conditions for the construction and application of micro-irrigation facilities. It is mainly suitable for cultivation of facilities, cultivation of orchards, and cultivation of cotton and other economic crops in large fields, as well as other crops with good economic returns. 1, the choice of fertigation system According to the water source, topography, planting area and crop type, different fertigation systems are selected. Protected cultivation, open cultivation of sweet Potato vegetables, and cultivation of economic crops in Datian are generally selected for drip irrigation and fertilization systems. Fertilizer protection sites are generally selected from Venturi fertilizers, differential pressure fertilizer tanks, or fertilizer-injection pumps. The orchard generally chooses a micro-spraying fertilization system. The fertilizing device generally selects the fertigation pump, and where conditions permit, an automatic fertigation system can be selected. 2. Formulate fertigation scheme for micro-irrigation (1) Determination of the micro-irrigation system The irrigation quota is determined according to the water requirement of the crop and the amount of precipitation during the crop growth period. The irrigation quota for fertigation by micro-irrigation in open areas should be reduced by 50% compared with flood irrigation, and the irrigation quota for fertigation in protected areas should be reduced by 30% to 40% compared with greenhouse irrigation. After the irrigation quota is determined, the irrigation period, the number of times, and the amount of irrigation each time are determined according to the crop water requirement law, precipitation condition, and soil moisture content. (2) Determination of fertilization system There are significant differences between fertigation techniques and traditional fertilization techniques. A reasonable system of microfertigation should first determine the total amount of fertilizer, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the ratio of bottom and topdressing fertilizers according to the law of fertilizer requirements for growing crops, the fertility of the plots, and the target yield. Fertilizers used as base fertilizers are applied before soil preparation, and top dressings are determined according to the characteristics of required fertilizers in different crop growth periods. The implementation of micro-irrigation fertilization technology can increase the utilization rate of fertilizer by 40%-50%, so the amount of fertilizer used for micro-irrigation fertilization is 50%-60% of conventional fertilization. Still taking tomato cultivation as an example, the target output is 10,000 kg/mu. For every 1000 kg of tomato produced, it absorbs n: 3.18 kg, p2o5: 0.74 kg, and k2o: 4.83 kg. The total demand for nutrients is n: 31.8 kg, p2o5: 7.4 Kilograms, k2o: 48.3 kilograms; under the conditions of cultivation and cultivation, nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency is 57%-65%, phosphorus fertilizer is 35%-42%, and potash fertilizer is 70%-80%; achieve the above output should be Mushi n:53.12 kg, p2o5 : 18.5 kilograms, k2o: 60.38 kilograms, a total of 132 kilograms (not counting soil nutrient content). Based on the nutritional characteristics of tomato, tomato fertilization plan for each growth period was also formulated. (3) The choice of fertilizer The application of base fertilizer to the micro-irrigation fertilization system is the same as conventional fertilization, which can include a variety of organic fertilizers and multiple chemical fertilizers. However, the type of fertiliser used for micro irrigation must be soluble fertilizer. Urea, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, potassium chloride and other fertilizers that meet national or industry standards have higher purity, less impurities, and do not precipitate when dissolved in water. top dressing. Phosphorus supplements generally use potassium dihydrogen phosphate and other soluble fertilizers for top dressing. Top dressing supplements micronutrient fertilizers, generally cannot be used together with phosphorus topdressing so as to avoid the formation of insoluble phosphate deposits and clogging of drippers or sprinklers. 3, supporting technology The implementation of water and fertilizer integration technology should be complemented with the application of improved varieties of crops, pest and disease control, and field management techniques. It can also be adapted to crop conditions, using plastic film covering techniques to form drip irrigation under the membrane, and give full play to the advantages of water-saving and fertilizer-saving to increase crop yields. The purpose of improving crop quality and increasing efficiency. Third, the implementation of the effect 1, saving water. The water and fertilizer integration technology can reduce the infiltration and evaporation of water and increase the water use efficiency. Under open air conditions, the rate of water saving is about 50% compared with flood irrigation. Under protected cultivation conditions, compared with drip irrigation, drip irrigation fertilization has 80-120 cubic meters of water per mu, and the water saving rate is 30%-40%. 2, fertilizer. The water and fertilizer integration technology realizes balanced fertilization and concentrated fertilization, reduces the loss of fertilizers and their loss of nutrients due to volatilization and loss of fertilizer. It has the advantages of simple fertilization, timely fertilizer supply, easy absorption of crops, and improved fertilizer utilization. When the crop yields are similar or the same, the integration of water and fertilizers is 40%-50% less than that of traditional techniques. 3, improve the micro-ecological environment The integration of water and fertilizer technologies in protected cultivation has significantly reduced the air humidity in the shed. Compared with conventional fertigation fertigation, drip irrigation can reduce air humidity by 8.5-15 percentage points. The second is to maintain the temperature inside the shed. The drip irrigation and fertilization reduced the times of ventilation and dehumidification and reduced the temperature in the shed compared with the conventional fertigation. The temperature in the shed is usually 2-4°C, which is favorable for crop growth. The third is to enhance microbial activity. Compared with conventional fertigation techniques, drip fertigation can increase soil temperature by 2.7°C, which is conducive to enhancing soil microbial activity and promoting crop nutrient absorption. The fourth is to improve soil physical properties. Drip fertilization overcame soil compaction caused by irrigation, decreased soil bulk density, and increased porosity. The fifth is to reduce soil nutrient leaching and reduce groundwater pollution. 4, reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases The reduction of air humidity has, to a large extent, inhibited the occurrence of crop diseases, reduced the input of pesticides and labor input to prevent and control diseases. Micro-irrigation fertilization reduced the use of pesticides by 15% to 30% per mu, and saved labor by 15 to 20. 5, increase production and improve quality Water and fertilizer integration technology can promote crop yield improvement and product quality improvement, orchards generally increase production by 15% to 24%, and facility cultivation increases production by 17% to 28%. Taking the cultivation of cucumbers in Yuanping City as an example, drip fertilization reduced 21% of malformed melons compared to conventional fertigation, and normal melons increased 850 kilograms; the yield-increased yield of cucumbers was 280 kilograms, and the output value of mu increased by 1,356 yuan. 6, increase economic efficiency The economic benefits of water and fertilizer integration technology include increasing production, improving quality, gaining benefits, and saving investment. Orchard generally saves 300-400 yuan in input, 300-600 yuan in output, and 400-700 yuan in savings in general cultivation. The savings in hydropower is between 85-130 yuan, 130-250 yuan for fertilizer, and 80-100 yuan for pesticides. , Save labor 150-200 yuan, increase production and increase income of 1000-2400 yuan.
Oranges are an important nutritional source for human health and have immense economic value. Citrus Orange orange-yellow colour, gratifying Fruit savory, harmonious sourness and sweetness, soft taste, flavor is rich and generous.Citrus is believed to be native to southeast Asia, and cultivation of fruit crops occurred in China at least 4,000 years ago.Citrus is a large genus that includes several major cultivated species, including Citrus sinensis (blood orange), Citrus reticulata (tangerine and mandarin), Citrus limon (lemon), Citrus grandis (pummelo) and Citrus paradisi (grapefruit).citrus fruits and juice are the prime human source of vitamin C, an important component of human nutrition.citrus-unique characteristics have hindered the study of citrus genetics and breeding improvement. Complete genome sequences would provide valuable genetic resources for improving citrus crops.
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Second, the technical points