The main technical points of stingray artificial breeding
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Stingrays typically inhabit calm or slow-moving waters and can survive in a wide range of temperatures, from 0°C to 39°C. However, they grow best in water between 22°C and 28°C, with the ideal pH level ranging from 7.0 to 8.5. They require a dissolved oxygen concentration of at least 3.0 mg/L. In their early stages, newly hatched stingrays absorb their yolk sac for nourishment for about 3 to 5 days. As they grow into fingerlings, they feed on zooplankton like rotifers, copepods, and small aquatic larvae. In captivity, they can also be fed minced fish, shrimp, or mollusks.
Female stingrays usually reach sexual maturity at the second instar, while males mature at the third instar. The breeding season occurs when the water temperature is between 23°C and 26°C, with each female laying between 4,000 and 6,000 eggs per spawning. These eggs are sticky and heavy, similar to those of squid. At 24°C to 26°C, the eggs hatch into larvae within 72 hours. Artificial breeding can be done through either monoculture or polyculture methods.
In monoculture systems, ponds should be filled with fresh, well-oxygenated water, have good drainage, and be around 2 to 3 mu in size with a depth of 1 to 2 meters. Drainage nets and structures should be installed, and the pond should be cleaned and disinfected using quicklime and bleaching powder. Approximately 2,500 to 3,000 juvenile stingrays (about 3 cm long) can be stocked per acre, along with 100 to 200 white sturgeons (12 cm long). They are fed fresh animal-based foods such as quail, clams, small fish, and shrimp, with daily feeding amounts ranging from 3% to 6% of their body weight. During summer and autumn, water should be changed every 7 to 10 days, with a depth of 30 to 40 cm, and water clarity maintained at 35 to 40 cm.
To prevent disease, fish should be treated with a 10 ppm potassium permanganate solution or a 2% to 4% salt bath for 5 to 10 minutes before stocking. Every 15 to 20 days during the growing season, the pond should be treated with bleaching powder and quicklime to maintain concentrations of 1.2 ppm and 10 ppm, respectively. Monthly treatments with traditional Chinese herbs like rhubarb and radix, mixed into the feed at 0.1% to 0.4%, can help improve health. Fish handling must be careful to avoid injuries that could lead to infections, especially during colder seasons. Monoculture can yield up to 200–300 kg per mu.
Polyculture involves raising stingrays alongside other species such as carp, tilapia, crabs, or turtles. Typically, 100 to 200 stingrays over 3 cm in length are stocked per acre in net cages or ponds. This method allows for the co-cultivation of major fish species without affecting their yield. It is possible to harvest 20 to 30 kg of stingrays (150–200 g each) per mu. Polyculture helps reduce competition from small fish and shrimp, increases the yield of main species, and controls parasitic diseases effectively.