Integrated control technology of corn diseases and weeds
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In recent years, the widespread adoption of no-tillage technology and modern fertilization methods has significantly altered the pest and disease dynamics in corn fields. As a result, new challenges have emerged, making pest and disease management more complex than ever before. One of the major issues is the increasing prevalence of underground pests, such as crickets and wireworms, which often cause severe seedling loss. Additionally, diseases like seedling blight have become more common, leading to leaf drying, darkened seeds, and even complete plant death in some cases. The lack of potassium during the early growth stage further exacerbates these problems, slowing down the development of dry leaves.
The use of straw mulch has also contributed to increased damage from pests like the Swedish fly and corn thrips, while the application of sunflower meal during the jointing stage can delay corn growth. These pest outbreaks are closely linked to weather conditions and sowing dates. For example, the second generation of Helicoverpa armigera and Mythimna separata often occur together, causing serious infestations that can destroy entire crops.
Weed control has also become more challenging. Chemical weeding methods are less effective now, with weeds re-emerging after initial treatments, reducing the overall effectiveness of herbicides. Weeds not only compete for nutrients but also damage corn leaves, further lowering yields.
During the tasseling stage, pests such as corn borers, cotton bollworms, cutworms, and locusts become more active, causing significant damage to the grain and reducing productivity. Leaf spot disease is another major concern, requiring comprehensive management strategies.
To address these issues, farmers should focus on several key practices:
1. **Variety Selection**: Choose high-yielding, disease-resistant, and lodging-resistant varieties such as Nongda 108, Zhengdan 958, Hudan 24, Shiyu 8, and Great Wall 98. These varieties are known for their strong resistance to diseases and consistent yield performance.
2. **Seed Treatment**: Apply a mixture of insecticides and fungicides to seeds before planting. A recommended method is to mix 1 ml of 50% 1605 or 40% phoxim, along with 1 ml of 50% carbendazim, into 1 kg of corn seeds. Add 2–3 liters of water, stir thoroughly, and let it sit for 4–6 hours before drying and planting. This helps prevent underground pests and eliminates seed-borne pathogens.
3. **Organic Fertilizer Application**: Use well-decomposed chicken manure instead of raw manure to avoid pupae infestations. High-temperature decomposition is essential to eliminate harmful organisms before application.
4. **Chemical Weeding**:
- **Pre-emergence Weeding**: After seeding, apply 200 ml of 40% Yihe mixture, 48% Yucaoling, 42% Yucaojing, or Jade Emperor, along with 200–250 ml of 50% acetochlor per mu, mixed with 45 kg of water.
- **Post-emergence Weeding**: For small weeds (less than 3 leaves), use 80% Yunong Le at 4–6 grams per mu. For larger weeds, spray herbicides between rows using a directed spray method.
5. **Pest Control**:
- **Thrips and Leafhoppers**: When 2–3% of leaves show damage, apply 25% fast kill ling at 1000 times dilution or 10% imidacloprid at 20–30 grams per 30 kg of water.
- **Cutworms**: Use 75–100 ml of quick kill spirit per mu, diluted in 150–200 pounds of water, and spray directly onto the base of the corn stem.
- **Cotton Bollworms and Armyworms**: At 5% infestation, apply 25% swarphothreil or 25% Huifeng Chong at 40 ml per 30 kg of water, or 2% methyl avermectin at 3000 times dilution.
- **Corn Borers**: During the late leaf stage, apply special granules or mix 100 ml of 1605 with 10–15 kg of fine sand and apply to the heart of the plant.
- **Red Spider Mites**: Spray 1.8% Qi Qi Su at 30 ml per 30 kg of water in late July.
- **Stalk Borer**: After tasseling, use 40% omethoate at 60 ml and 80% DDV at 30 ml per 30 kg of water, sprayed around the base of the plants.
These integrated measures can significantly improve pest and disease management, ensuring healthier corn crops and higher yields.