In the late spring and early summer, abnormalities and treatment measures were often encountered in the cultivation of oyster mushrooms

Late spring and early summer is an ideal time for cultivating oyster mushrooms. However, improper practices by some farmers can lead to various issues such as yellowing and necrosis of the mushroom sticks after fruiting, excessive acidity in the growing medium, and delayed growth after the bags are full. These problems significantly reduce the success rate, yield, and quality of the harvest, which in turn affects economic returns. Based on years of hands-on experience and accumulated knowledge, the author has compiled a detailed analysis of the causes behind these anomalies and the appropriate solutions. First, during the mushrooming phase, a large number of mushrooms may die due to high temperatures exceeding 30°C, which causes blight and rapid withering. Additionally, if the air humidity drops below 80%, the mushrooms may shrink and wilt from dehydration. Poor ventilation can also cause carbon dioxide buildup, suffocating young mushrooms. Excessive moisture can lead to edema and eventual rotting of the mushrooms. To address these issues, it’s essential to control the temperature by spraying well water around the mushroom house and using straw to provide shade. Maintaining high humidity (around 90%) through regular misting is crucial, but avoid direct sprays on the mushrooms. Proper ventilation must be ensured, especially during hot periods, and watering should be done carefully without over-saturating the mushrooms. Second, some bags may only have mycelium growing from one end, while the other side becomes weak or dies. This often occurs due to poor sterilization setup, where condensation collects unevenly at one end, causing the culture material to become too wet. To prevent this, the stove should be built with a curved top to allow condensation to flow back into the pan. Bags should be spaced properly to ensure even steam circulation and avoid over-crowding. Third, when the mycelium fills the bag but no mushrooms appear, it could be due to using low-temperature strains in warm weather, an imbalanced carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, or excessive picking of aerial mycelium. It’s important to select high-temperature strains, adjust the nutrient balance, and avoid over-picking. If the surface forms a dry film, poking small holes and rehydrating the bag can help trigger fruiting. Fourth, excessive mushroom buds forming in the middle of the bag may result from improper packing, pressure during sterilization, or environmental stress like high light or humidity. Ensuring tight packing, avoiding damage during handling, and maintaining stable conditions in the culture room can prevent this issue. Fifth, burning of the mycelium occurs when the temperature exceeds 30°C, leading to overheating and death. Keeping the culture room cool, using a single layer for the bags, and monitoring internal temperatures with thermometers are key preventive measures. Sixth, if the mycelium does not fully colonize the bag, it could be due to unsuitable environmental conditions, poor-quality materials, or old spawn. Providing optimal moisture, pH, temperature, and light levels, along with selecting healthy, vigorous strains, will improve mycelium development. Lastly, sour and odorous culture material is often caused by contamination, excess moisture, or chemical reactions. Using fresh, clean materials, controlling moisture content, and adjusting pH with lime water can resolve this. If the odor is severe, deodorizing agents like ferrous sulfate and sodium bisulfate can be used to neutralize the smell. By following these practical and effective strategies, mushroom growers can significantly improve their yields, quality, and profitability.

Orthopedic External Fixator

Orthopedic external fixation system

The screw orthopedic is inserted into the bone near the fracture, and the fracture is fixed with an external fixator assembled by a chuck and a nail rod.

Indications

open fracture, nonunion, closed fracture with extensive soft tissue injury, fracture with multiple trauma, osteotomy and correction.

The use of orthopaedic external fixators is currently a superior fracture fixation technique, filling the gap between cast and internal fixation. At the same time, orthopedic external fixator has the characteristics of simple fixation method, stable, reliable and effective, and does not limit the joint movement, can be early ambulation advantages. It can reduce the time for the operator and is more friendly to the user. The external fixator was used together with the bone traction needle. In terms of the classification of orthopedic external fixators, it is mainly divided into four types: orthofix type external fixation, ilizarov type external fixation, ao synthes type external fixation,combined external fixator and common external fixators.

The external fixators in orthopaedics was used for reduction (shortening and overlapping displacement were corrected first, then lateral and angular displacement were corrected, and finally rotational and separation displacement were corrected; If closed reduction is difficult, open reduction can be considered, but the separation of soft tissue and peeling of periosteum should be minimized.

The selection of the insertion site.According to the anatomical characteristics of the soft tissue at the insertion plane, the important nerves, vessels and tendons should be avoided; The ideal entry point is the part of the bone close to the subcutaneous, in a word, generally choose the skin and bone between the muscle soft tissue is the weakest point into the needle. The installation shall facilitate observation and control of soft tissue damage, and permit any surgery that may be required, such as repair and reconstruction, dressing change, skin grafting, or bone grafting." According to the location of the bone, different diameters of the threaded needle were selected. Removal was performed after completion of late treatment.

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