The main forms of cucumber cultivation in solar greenhouse

The solar greenhouse is a distinctive agricultural structure that originated in China, deeply rooted in local practices. Due to its adaptation to regional geography and the influence of local building traditions, there is no standardized technical specification or uniform design across the country. As a result, the structure of solar greenhouses varies significantly from one region to another. Based on the shape of the front roof, solar greenhouses can generally be categorized into two main types: semi-arched and one-slope vertical. The semi-arched type includes designs such as 1/4 circle, 1/4 ellipse, parabola, and double arc shapes. These structures are further classified based on the height and length of the rear wall and back slope. They can be short rear walls (less than 1 meter), long back slopes (2–3 meters), high rear walls (greater than 1.5 meters with a short back slope), or high rear walls without a back slope, and long back slopes (more than 3 meters) without a rear wall. However, for cucumber cultivation, the first three types are most commonly used. The one-slope vertical solar greenhouse evolved from traditional single-slope glass greenhouses. It typically uses bamboo poles as the arch support, and the front roof is covered with a thin plastic film, making it easier and more cost-effective to construct. This has allowed for wider spans and higher front windows. For example, the Wafangdian vertical solar greenhouse has a span of 8–9 meters, a ridge height of 2.4–2.5 meters, and a front window height of 0.8 meters. However, this design suffers from a limited daylighting angle, slower temperature rise, and poorer insulation, often requiring additional heating during cold periods. In Shenyang and surrounding northern areas, the vertical and horizontal solar greenhouses have spans exceeding 6 meters, with a front window height of about 0.6 meters and a ridge height of 2.3–2.4 meters. During Winter, only cold-tolerant crops like Yelai vegetables can be grown, and temporary heating is often necessary. Since the mid-1980s, the design of these greenhouses has undergone several improvements, particularly in terms of light transmission and thermal efficiency, aiming to enhance their performance in colder climates.

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