Cow breeding technology
Cow Cow Breeding Technology 1. Cow Breeding In order to enable cattle to reproduce normally, it is necessary to understand the reproductive physiology of cows. In the production practice, the cows should be scientifically reared and managed to ensure the normal estrus and breeding of cattle. In order to promptly breed the postpartum cows and shorten the calving interval, it is necessary to pay attention to the first occurrence of heat after the cows are born. After the cow undergoes rapid and dramatic changes in pregnancy, childbirth, and reproductive organs, the genitals of the cow have a process of recovery, and the time for the first estrus after birth is inconsistent. Under the conditions of suitable temperature, no post-partum disease, and good husbandry and management, the time for the first occurrence of heat after birth is shorter. Generally in the postpartum 40-45 days heat, and some 25-30 days after the start of the first heat. The first estrus time after delivery starts, usually within the range of 20-70 days. If the estrus has not been detected 60 to 90 days after delivery, the cow's health, nutritional status, ovaries and uterus should be examined and treated to prevent airborne and infertility. Some cattle are postpartum due to physical weakness, or a large amount of lactation, resulting in ovulation without obvious estrus symptoms of estrus, especially in high-yield cattle, some cattle up to 45%. For cows that are in rut without estrus, ovarian follicular development should be enhanced. The purpose of identifying the cow's estrus is to find the cow that is departed, determine the most appropriate breeding time, and increase the rate of conception. Whether or not the household raises estrus to the cow is mainly based on external observation of the cow. According to the cow's mental state, external changes and sticky outflows of the vulva and other judgments. The excitement of the cow's estrus caused excitement in the central nervous system, screaming, bowing, and bowing. The examiner raised his tail without resistance and urinated frequently. Loss of appetite, decreased response, and decreased milk production. These performances progressed with the development of heat, from weak to strong, and weakened at the end of heat.
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(1) Sexual maturation and initial mating of dairy cows means that the sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics of livestock are well-developed. The ovaries of cows can produce mature eggs; the testicles of bulls can produce mature sperms and have normal Sexual behavior. After mating, the cow can be fertilized and can complete the pregnancy and embryonic development process. The age of sexual maturity of cows is generally 8-12 months of age. However, after sexual maturity, cattle cannot be bred immediately, because it is still in growth and development. At this time, breeding will not only affect the growth and development of the cattle and the subsequent production performance, but also affect the healthy growth of the yaks. Mature can be reared.
Body maturation refers to the fact that the skeletons, muscles, and internal organs of male cows have been basically completed and have the form and structure that they should have when they mature. When the body matures later than the sexual maturity, when the cow's body weight reaches about 70% of the weight of the adult cow, the body matures and the breeding can begin. The sexual maturation and body maturation of cattle depends on their age and on species, feeding and management, climate conditions, gender, and individual development. Generally, small breeds are older than large breeds, and the conditions for good rearing are earlier than poor. The warm area is earlier than the cold area, so it is necessary to determine the initial allocation of the cow. The initial age of dairy cows is generally between 1.5 and 2 years old. However, mating should not be too late, too late will often cause difficulties in rearing and affect production.
(II) Cow's estrus The cows begin to periodically undergo a series of sexual activity after sexual maturity, such as congestion, edema of the genital mucosa, discharge of mucous, mental excitement, sexual desire, and acceptance of other cattle. Ovarian follicle development and discharge of eggs. The above-mentioned internal and external physiological activities are called estrus; the stage of concentrated expression of estrus symptoms is called estrus. The period from the beginning of one estrus period to the beginning of the next estrus period is called an estrus cycle.
The estrus cycle of cows averaged 21 days. The estrus period was affected by factors such as light, temperature, feeding and management, and individual conditions. There was a range of change, ranging from 17 to 25 days. The estrus period was pre-estrus and estrus. Late estrus and recession.
1, pre-estrus: the early stage is the preparation of heat, vaginal secretions from the dry sticky state gradually become thin, increased secretions, reproductive organs began to congestion, but do not accept other cattle to climb across, this period of time is 4 - 7 days.
2, estrus period: estrus is a period of strong cow libido, the performance of the loss of appetite, mental excitement, often barking, tail raised, willing to accept other cattle to climb. The vulva is red and swollen. A lot of viscous transparent fluid flows from the vulva, the vaginal mucous membrane is flushed and shiny, and mucus secretion increases. There are often cows in the herd that sniff the cow's genitals.
The duration of estrus refers to the time the cows accept the climb to avoid the climb. The short duration of cow estrus is generally 18 hours on average, ranging from 6 to 36 hours, with individual cattle reaching 48 hours. Since the cow's estrus has a short duration and is now artificially inseminated, it is important to observe the estrus of the cows so that they do not miss the opportunity to miss the estrus period. The ovulation of cows is mostly at night. To grasp its characteristics, grasp the timing of timely insemination, improve the success rate of an insemination.
3, late estrus: is the period when the estrus phenomenon gradually disappears. Cow libido disappeared and refused to climb. The vaginal secretions are reduced, and the congestion and swelling of the vaginal mucous membranes gradually subside. The duration of the estrus is 5-7 days.
Cows shed blood or mixed mucus from the vagina 2 to 3 days after estrus. If the amount of bleeding is small and the color is normal, there is no adverse effect on bovine pregnancies; if the amount of bleeding is large, the color is dark red or dark purple, it is suffering from Symptoms of uterine diseases should be carefully examined and the time must be taken care of. If the treatment is not timely, it will often result in cow infertility.
4. Rest period: Also known as intercourse, the corpus luteum gradually disappears during this period and the follicle develops gradually into a sexual cycle. The duration of the cow's sorrow period is 6-14 days. After mating, the cow is pregnant. This period is called gestation period. The corpus luteum turns into the gestational corpus luteum and no estrus occurs until the lower jaw.
(c) Cows first estrus after childbirth
In order to reach a cow's annual birth, it must be conceived within 85 days after birth. During the 20 days after childbirth, a small number of cows returning to estrus and breeding are only 25% fertile. The average fertility rate after mating in 40-60 days is 50%. The fertility rate after maturing in 60 days or more is stable at about 60%. . The introduction of post-harvest early mating, while increasing the consumption of semen, is more assured for shorter production intervals and can increase productivity. It is generally believed that estrus in the 40-50 days after childbirth is most suitable for breeding.
(D) Cow Identification
The cows were estrus, the labia was slightly swollen and moist, and the mucus came out of the vulva. According to the outflow of mucus traits, cows can be determined more accurately. Cows in the early stages of estrus flowed transparently, such as egg whites, and did not show filthy mucus; during the estrus, the mucus was translucent, milky, or white with clipped filaments. Some cows had blood or mixed mucus from the vagina. It is the end of estrus. However, some cows can be pregnant at this time, such as the discharge of mucus was translucent latex, hanging in the vulva or adhering to the hips and tail of the cow, and has a strong toughness for the discharge of pregnant cows Things. Special attention should be paid to the following situations: If a large amount of red stained, slightly stenched liquid is discharged, lochia will be discharged for post-partum cows; for example, a lot of white lumpiness will be discharged, and there will be malodour, which will result in the post-partum rot of cows; Yellowish dirt or semi-filament-thin, white filaments that are unfilamentous are cows with inflammation of the reproductive tract. Found a similar situation, to identify the reasons, take measures to make it back to normal or recover as soon as possible. Most cows are estrus at night. Therefore, careful observation is required when it is dark and when it is dark. The accuracy of judgment is higher.
The estrus performance of the cows is most easily observed at the sports grounds or grazing lands. For example, the cows look up and look forward, they are excited about spirits and go east to the west, sniffing other cows to cross each other, and the cows being climbed are still and their hind legs are apart. And raising the tail, this time is called stabilizing period, is the estrus period; only climbs across other cows and does not accept the climb of other cows, this cow does not have estrus. After the stabilizing period, the estrus cow escapes the climb, but the following cow does not leave. This is the end of the estrus.
In short, breed breeding records and forecasting systems should be established for breeding cows. The date of the next estrus is forecasted based on the number of days recorded and the number of estruss in the cow. Observe the cows that are expected to be estrus. Be careful and be patient. Observe it 2-3 times a day so that the cow's estrus does not leak through.
Vaginal examinations and rectal examinations are also two commonly used methods to identify whether or not a cow is oestrus. However, these two methods require certain devices and require strict disinfection. Without the experience and the usual identification, it is difficult to obtain correct results if necessary. For cattle in this area, it is best to use a breeder or animal husbandry technician to help with the inspection.
Cows often have abnormal estrus, and cows have some of the following manifestations of abnormal estrus.
1, implicit estrus, also known as latent estrus or quiet estrus, refers to the external performance of cow estrus is not obvious, the lack of performance of sexual desire. However, ovarian follicles develop and ovulate. This situation has a higher proportion in dairy cows and generally occurs in frail old, malnourished, less sunshine, insufficient exercise during the rainy season, or cows with higher milk production. The main cause is endocrine disorder, which causes inadequate secretion of estrogen, or cows are not sensitive to estrogen response and cause no obvious estrus symptoms. This type of cow has short estrus times and is not easy to observe. Loss of production. For estrus, in addition to enhanced observation, rectal examination of ovarian follicular development can help make accurate judgments.
2, wig lover only the external appearance of estrus, but no follicular development, no ovulation called false estrus. Wigs are more common in pregnant cows and bred cows. Cows are 4 to 5 months pregnant, and some have 1 to 2 months before the birth. Suddenly they have libido performance and climb across other cows. Especially accept the climb. However, vaginal examination, contraction of the cervix, no estrus mucus; rectal examination can be to the fetus. In bred cattle, cows have a variety of external signs of estrus, but there are no developing follicles in the ovary and do not ovulate.
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