Chinese tortoise
The turtle body is oblong, with a slightly raised carapace, 3 longitudinal ribs, and prominent ridges. Black olive on top of head, smooth skin on the front and fine scales on the back. The plastron is flat and the back end is notched. The neck, limbs and exposed skin are grayish black or black olive. Males are smaller in size, tail-length, and smelly. The female's carapace consists of light brown to dark brown, plastron brownish black, short tail and body without odor. The Chinese tortoise has strong adaptability to the environment, relatively low water quality requirements, greater tolerance to poor water quality, and high When density was cultured, there was no killing each other and the prevalence was low. First, the turtle's habits 1, amphibious. The turtle is breathing on the lungs and has a well-developed keratoderma on the surface to reduce evaporation. Sexually mature turtles lay their eggs on land and do not need to go through a completely aquatic stage. 2, the breadth of food. Turtles are omnivorous animals. In nature, animal feeds mainly include worms, small fish, shrimps, snails, cockroaches, cockroaches, cockroaches, and animal carcasses, as well as internal organs, hot pig blood, carrion, etc.; plant-based feeds are mainly plants. Stem, melon, wheat bran and so on. 3, obvious phase. The first is the feeding phase. Feeding began in late April and accounted for about 2-3% of its turtle weight. In June-August, the food intake was buoyant, accounting for 5-6%. In October, food intake decreased, accounting for 1-2%. The second is the dormancy phase. Turtles are hypothermic animals whose body temperature varies with outside temperature. From November to April of the following year, when the temperature is below 15 degrees, the turtles dive into the silt in the bottom of the pool or lie in bed in the loose soil covered with straw; from May to October, when the temperature is higher than 35 degrees, the appetite of the turtle begins. Decline, enter the summer sleep stage (short lunch break). At this stage, the turtle is busy estrus mating, breeding, feeding, accumulating nutrients and seeking wintering sites. 4, gregarious. Turtle hi clustered burrowing, sometimes because of too many gregarious, back nail mill smooth, worn out the skin is still not dispersed. Second, the construction of turtle pond Should choose to shelter from wind, sunny, irrigation turtle turtle pool. (1) Land. General depth of 1 - 1.5 meters, the bottom slope of 1:2 or 1:3 to set in, outlet. In the pond, about 1/3 of the area of ​​the pond is stocked with shade duckweed, water peanuts or water hyacinth. The walls of the pond are built to a height of 0.5-1 meters, and 30 cm of soil is embedded in the walls to prevent the turtle from fleeing. Leave an open space (1.5 meters in width and 1 meter in width) in the wall (a large number of areas can be left); or leave an island that accounts for about 5% of the total area, and put a proper amount of sand on the empty river island for turtle production. egg. (2) Cement floor. Pool depth 1.3-1.5 meters, water depth 0.5-0.8 meters, 20 cm soil, the pool should have convenient drainage and irrigation outlets, the pool is located in the island, the island long weeds, put sand piles in the grass. Adult turtle ponds are usually stocked at a density of 5 to 7 per square meter, and no more than 10 at most. Third, artificial propagation technology First of all, we must choose a good species. It is best to choose more than 250 grams of turtles, because the turtle's gonadal development is mature, the ovaries are bright yellow, slightly gray, can be mated and intercourse. Artificially breeding species of turtles are used, and spawning times are numerous and easy to acclimate. Females lay their eggs regardless of the success of mating. Spawning seasons vary from place to place. Plain waters usually start spawning at the end of May, and at the peak of spawning in July and August, spawning ends in September. Female turtles can produce three or four batches a year, each batch of one hole, each hole 3-7. Under artificial rearing conditions, turtles tend to have spawning habits, and sometimes there are several female turtles that spawn dozens of eggs in the same hole. There are two types of hatching eggs: natural hatching and artificial hatching. 1, the natural hatching. There are also two methods for natural hatching. One is to dig 20-40 cm wide and 20 cm deep (unlimited length) sand pits at the foot of the pro-turtle pool to the sunny wall. Then fill the pits with yellow sand and press the turtle eggs 1 The distance of centimeters, ranked in the sand, to maintain a certain degree of humidity, the sun by the sun heat, 50-60 days out of hatchlings. Second, pile up several small sand piles around the turtle pool and allow the mature species to climb up to the shore at night. Dig a hole in the sand pile to spawn and allow them to hatch naturally. About 50 to 70 days later, a hatchling is hatched. 2, artificial hatching. The turtle eggs will be placed in a wooden box 25 cm high (indefinite in length and width). Drill several small holes at the bottom of the box, lay 15-20 cm of sand at the bottom, and place the turtle in the sand. Sprinkle about 2 centimeters thick spun yarn, wet towel on the sand cover, keep the indoor humidity 25-35 degrees. Air-drying sunny days, sprinkle water on the sand 1-2 times a day, the air humidity is greater, can reduce the number of watering. The box is covered with a damp cloth. When the hatchling is hatched, the hatchlings can be prevented from escaping, preventing predators from invading, and preventing mosquitoes from biting, so that 50-60 days of hatchlings hatch out and the turtle rate reaches over 90%. Fourth, turtle feeding and management Hatchlings hatched are delicate and should be reared separately and carefully managed. Generally, another cement tank is used to make up one third of the land in the pool, and water accounts for two-thirds of the total. At the same time, appropriate feeds such as cooked protein, egg yolk, cooked noodles, rice, minced fish, and shrimp are properly fed. It is usually best to hatch wintering turtles separately from adult turtles. Most of the wintering methods for juvenile tortoises take a small wooden tray in the room, put 20-30 cm thick sand in the dish, put the hatchlings into the sand, and then spread 0.5 centimeter thick spun yarns on the hatchlings and cover them with gauze. Spray some warm water in appropriate amount to safely overwinter. The turtle has a wide appetite and can eat small fish, shrimp, snail, quail meat, vegetables, rice and wheat. In general, when the water temperature rises above 15 degrees, it begins to eat. June-September is a food-rich period, and food intake has dropped since November. When the water temperature drops below 15 degrees it enters hibernation. The temperature in the spring and autumn seasons is relatively low. Feeding time is between 8 and 9 am. During the midsummer, the turtles will be active sooner or later. Feeding should be at 4 to 5 pm. The turtle swallows in water while eating. The amount of turtle swallowing is about 4% of body weight. Feed it every other day. After feeding, clean up the residual food in time to prevent pollution. Change the water frequently to keep the water fresh. The growth of turtles is related to the quality of feeding. In general, animal feeds are often fed and the weight can be increased by about 50 grams per month. Turtle predators are mainly snakes, water rats, weasels, wild cats and so on. Summer turtles are often active at night while water rats and weasels are also available at night. Although turtles have hard shell protection, they are still easily bitten by enemy enemies and die. In addition, when the turtle egg is spoiled and metamorphosed, it often attracts a large number of ants to endanger the eggs and hatchlings, which is unfavorable to the breeding of turtles. Therefore, we must pay attention to the removal of these predators, so that the farmed turtles get a good ecological environment to facilitate the breeding and growth of turtles. 1. The turtle's reproductive habits (1) Identifying male and female turtles is an oviparous animal. Before sex maturity, male and female turtles are more difficult to distinguish, and when sexually mature, male and female turtles can be identified from the appearance characteristics. (2) Mating and spawning Females weighing more than 700 grams can be used for mating, male and female ratio 2:1, such as female turtles weighing more than 700 grams, need to be equipped with the larger male turtle can be mated successfully. The suitable temperature for mating is 20-30 degrees, and the practice of mating is mostly sunny at 5-6 in the evening, and the rainy days are at 2-4 in the afternoon. The mating process usually takes only 3-5 minutes. Turtle spawning periods vary from place to place. Plain water areas generally begin at the end of May and peak at 7 and 8 months of egg laying, ending in September. A female turtle produces eggs 3-4 times a year, each time a hole 5, 2-7 per hole. Artificially reared turtles have colony spawning habits, and sometimes they can spawn dozens of eggs at the same point. Before the female turtle lays eggs, it selects the slope with loose soil and a few hidden roots or weeds to make a hole in the soil. The hole size is about 8-10 cm. 9-12 cm deep. Spawning takes place at night or at dawn. After hatching, the turtle eggs are hatched in a pre-prepared incubator. (3) artificial hatching Artificial hatching of turtle eggs is performed by placing the collected turtle eggs in a rectangular wooden box 25 cm high. The bottom of the box is to be drilled with several small holes, the bottom is laid with 15-20 centimeters of spun yarn, covered with wet gauze on the sand, kept at room temperature 25-35 degrees, and sprinkled with water once a day in the afternoon. The standard for watering is generally to hold the sand in groups and not to drip. It is appropriate. If the air humidity is high, the number of watering operations can be reduced. In order to prevent invasion, cover the hatching box with a gauze so that hatchlings can hatch for 50-60 days. 2. Feeding management of turtles (1) Management of hatchlings Hatchlings that have just hatched are not resistant to disease. In order to increase their resistance to disease, they can be sterilized with 10% physiological saline or with 1ppm high-potassium-potassium water. During the disinfection, they are not fed. After 3 days, they can be fed with egg yolk and protein. Some mature livestock and poultry blood can be fed and moved into the holding pool after 7 days. The holding pool is generally 5-10 square meters of rectangular cement pool, which accounts for 2/3 of the water surface. Before stocking, it needs to be disinfected with 10% quick lime. The stocking density is about 100/m2. After the fourth day of stocking, they began to feed. The food table can be floated on the water with a wooden board or a bamboo basket. The food table usually occupies about 1/10 of the total area. The feeds to be fed are generally fine, such as cooked eggs, noodles, rice, bean dregs, crushed fish and shrimps. The hatchling hatchlings can be moved indoors during the winter and a wooden plate is placed in the room. The 0.5 cm thick spun yarn is evenly sprinkled on the back of the plate. The sand is covered with gauze. A suitable amount of warm water can be used to safely overwinter. (2) Adult turtle breeding The turtle pool is generally an earthen pond with a depth of 1 to 1.5 meters and a bank slope of 1:3. The pond is provided with a water inlet and outlet, and a part of water-fed duckweed or water peanuts is shady. The surrounding wall is 0.5 meters high and the wall is left 1*1.5 meters. On the island, sand is laid on the island for turtles to spawn; if it is a cement pool, the depth of the pool is 1-1.5 meters, the water depth is about 0.8 meters, and the mud is put into 20 cm. The pool is provided with an import and export, leaving an island of 1*1.5 in the pool. Four weeks of long grass, sand in the middle for turtles to inhabit spawning. The stocking density of land and cement pool should not be too large, generally about 10/m (m2). The tortoise has a wide diet, and small fish, shrimps, snails, clams, vegetables, rice, and wheat can all be eaten. Generally, when the water temperature rises above 15 degrees, it begins to feed. From June to September, it is a food-rich period. In November, food intake began to decline. When the water temperature falls below 5 degrees, it enters hibernation. The temperature in spring and autumn is relatively low. The feeding time is best between 8 and 9 am. During the midsummer, the tortoise runs during the morning and evening. The feeding time should be between 4 and 5 pm, and the daily feeding amount is about 4-5% of the body weight. The monthly weight of a turtle can increase by about 50-70 grams per month. The body of the turtle's life should be fresh, and the transparency of the water should be about 30 cm. Turtles are hypothermic animals, and changes in water temperature can directly affect the temperature of the turtle body. Therefore, the water depth of the pool water must increase or decrease with the season. In spring, the temperature is low, the water is shallow, usually about 0.5 meters; in summer, the temperature is high, the water is deep, the water temperature in autumn is gradually decreased, and the water is shallow; the water level in winter is stable because the temperature of the turtle changes with the temperature and the temperature of the water. If the temperature drops sharply and the water level rises, the turtle can only use its own accumulated nutrients to regulate body temperature, and when the nutrients in the body are consumed, it will die. 3. Predation and disease control of turtles The main enemy of the turtle is a snake, a weasel, a water rat, and a wild cat. Although the turtle has a hard shell protection, but the head and tail and limbs are vulnerable to enemy invasion, injury and death in the summer activities at night; artificial hatching because of a small number of spoilage turtle eggs often attract a large number of ants, endanger eggs and hatchlings, turtles Breeding is greatly unfavorable, so care must be taken to clear these things. V. Market supply and demand Chinese tortoises belong to low-grade turtles and have certain edible and medicinal values. The prices are generally low, and the amount of food consumed by ordinary people is also large. Slow breeding, feeding costs are relatively high. In recent years, the supply of Chinese tortoises has exceeded supply, the problem of unsalable sales has become more prominent, and the breeding efficiency has declined. 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Turtle is commonly known as tortoise, which is the most widely distributed species in China. It is full of treasure, with high food, medicinal and ornamental value. Li Shizhen said such a sentence: "The insects are three hundred and sixty, and the turtles are long turtles, and the worms are also the old worms." In the international market, Chinese tortoises are also very popular. People in Japan, the Philippines, and Europe and the United States regard it as a symbol of "good luck and longevity."