Yam high yield cultivation techniques
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Yam, also known as wild yam or Chinese yam, is a herbaceous perennial plant with a tuberous underground stem. This plant has a high starch content and is widely used in food production, especially in tropical regions. Yam is not only valued for its unique flavor and nutritional value but also serves as a medicinal ingredient and an important raw material for winemaking. To achieve high yields, proper cultivation techniques are essential.
Selecting the right local variety is crucial when growing yam. It requires well-developed underground tubers and fine fibrous roots. The soil must be deep, well-drained, and rich in organic matter, ideally a sandy loam or loamy sand with good aeration. The ideal soil depth should be over 60 cm, preferably up to 80 cm, to allow the tubers to grow long and straight without obstruction.
One of the key steps in cultivating yam is preparing the planting holes and applying base fertilizers. After the field has been properly prepared, choose 1.5-meter-long pieces of yam rhizomes with a diameter of about 2 cm. Drill a hole near the tip using a steel plate with a small opening, and create a 10 cm deep hole to give the yam enough space to grow straight. Combine this with the application of well-decomposed organic manure, such as high-quality animal manure, dried human urine, chicken manure, and compost, at a rate of approximately 2,000 kg per acre.
Sowing should be done in mid-to-late March, on sunny days rather than rainy ones. Cut the yam seeds into 5 cm sections and place each piece upright in the hole, making sure not to plant them upside down. Also, ensure that the fertilizer is kept separate from the seed to avoid damage. Cover the hole with 5–8 cm of soil.
Field management is critical throughout the growth cycle. Yam is propagated through underground tubers, and during the early stages, the focus is on the growth of stems and leaves. Once the plant starts budding, the tubers begin to expand. In the early growth phase, both stems and tubers develop rapidly, while in the later stages, tuber development becomes the main priority. During this time, the tubers accumulate more than 85% of the total dry matter. During the flowering stage, it's important to promote leaf growth by applying nitrogen fertilizer, which should account for about half of the total nitrogen used during the entire growth period. Potassium fertilizer should also be applied, along with phosphorus and the remaining nitrogen, to support healthy tuber development. Apply fertilizers shallowly on both sides of the yam rows.
Harvesting yam can take place over a long period, starting from early September and continuing until the Spring Festival of the following year. For better economic returns, it is recommended to harvest at the beginning of September when the tubers are fully mature and of high quality.