About the control technology of yellow skin anthrax

Yellow skin anthracnose is a prevalent disease that affects the entire growth cycle of yellow skin plants, causing symptoms such as leaf spots, leaf rot, bare branches, and fruit rot, which significantly impact both yield and fruit quality. **Symptoms** 1. **Leaf Spot**: The lesions appear on both the center and edges of the leaves. They are round or semi-circular, with a diameter ranging from 2 to 12 mm. These spots can merge together, appearing grayish-white with water-soaked edges. The boundary between healthy and diseased tissue is clearly visible. 2. **Leaf Rot**: The infection usually starts at the leaf tips or margins, causing brown rot. The affected area expands rapidly without a clear boundary between healthy and diseased parts. Within 5–7 days, the entire leaf may rot. Petiole infections lead to browning, making the leaves prone to falling early and resulting in bare branches. 3. **Shoot Wilt**: When shoots are infected, the affected areas turn brown and necrotic. 4. **Fruit Rot**: Anthracnose is one of the main causes of fruit rot. Young fruits are more susceptible than mature ones. Initially, water-soaked brown spots appear on the fruit surface, which gradually expand into round lesions, leading to brown rot. A dense layer of orange-red sticky spores forms on the lesion surface. **Pathogens and Conditions** The disease is caused by a fungus belonging to the genus *Colletotrichum*. The pathogen overwinters in the form of mycelia on infected leaves, branches, and fruits. In spring, when conditions are favorable, spores are spread by wind, rain, or insects, invading wounds or stomata on plant tissues. The disease can occur throughout the growing season but is most common during the summer shoots, flowering, and fruiting stages, as well as in autumn shoots. The optimal temperature for fungal growth is between 21°C and 28°C, making hot and humid weather ideal for disease development. Poor cultivation practices, such as excessive use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers, lack of irrigation, and weak tree vigor, contribute to higher disease incidence. Soil conditions also play a role—soil that is too heavy or too loose, with poor water retention, increases the risk of infection. Additionally, the pathogen has latent infection characteristics, so typhoon rains during the fruit collection season can rapidly spread the disease, leading to widespread fruit rot and significant yield losses. **Control Methods** 1. Apply fertilizers and water scientifically to strengthen tree vitality and improve resistance to diseases, thereby reducing the risk of bacterial infection. 2. Maintain clean orchards by promptly removing diseased leaves, infected fruits, and pruning affected branches to reduce the number of overwintering pathogens. 3. Apply fungicides in a timely manner to protect new shoots and young fruits. Treatments should be applied early during shoot growth and at the time of fruit set. Suitable options include 70% Thiophanate-Methyl WP diluted 800–1000 times, 50% Tefluthrin 500–600 times, 75% Chlorothalonil 700–1000 times, or 50% Carbendazim WP diluted 500 times. Regular monitoring and timely intervention are essential for effective disease management.

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