Straw feeding cattle four to

In order to ensure the health and productivity of beef cattle, it is essential to pay close attention to the quality of straw used for feeding. The nutritional value of straw is mainly found in its leaves, followed by the petiole and stem. Therefore, when feeding cattle, it's best to use straw that has a high leaf content, appears yellow-green in color, and has a soft texture. It's important to avoid any straw that contains foreign materials such as dirt, plastic, feathers, or metal. Additionally, straw contaminated with pesticides or mold should be strictly avoided to prevent poisoning in cows. Next, proper processing of the straw is crucial. Straw-fed cattle should have their feed cut into small pieces, approximately 3 to 4 centimeters in length. When conditions allow, it’s recommended to treat the straw using methods such as alkalization, ammoniation, or salinization to improve digestibility and nutrient absorption. For **alkalization**, rice straw can be placed in an aquarium or concrete pond and soaked in a 1% quicklime solution or 3% cooked lime water for 24 hours before being removed. For **ammoniation**, soak the straw in a 3% ammonia solution for 7 to 10 days, then dry and chop it before feeding. In the case of **salinization**, mix 0.6 to 1 kg of salt with 100 kg of rice straw and 150 to 160 liters of warm water, stir thoroughly, and place it in a concrete pool. After one day of fermentation, the straw can be fed to the cattle. It's also important to ensure a **diverse diet**. While straw provides some nutrition, it is not sufficient on its own. Cattle need additional high-quality green feed or protein-rich concentrates to meet their full nutritional requirements. Legume forage, which is rich in calcium, can help compensate for the low calcium levels in straw. Concentrates should primarily include soybean meal, corn, and sorghum. Avoid overfeeding bran, especially wheat bran, which is high in phosphorus and can disrupt the calcium-phosphorus balance in the cow’s body, leading to weak bones and potential muscle spasms. When feeding, it's important to follow a **reasonable feeding schedule**. Provide regular meals, in small portions, and ensure a balanced mix of grass and adequate access to clean, warm drinking water (around 15–25°C). Feed the cattle multiple times throughout the day, offering fresh grass after each meal until they are fully satisfied. When supplementing with concentrates, mix them with chopped straw for better digestion. In addition, feeding at night plays a significant role in improving the health and growth of beef cattle. Feeding them once during the night helps keep their stomachs full, increasing body heat and enhancing cold resistance. At night, cattle can rest more comfortably, which promotes rumination, digestion, and overall well-being. A suggested feeding schedule is to provide two main meals at 9 am and 6 pm, with a smaller meal at midnight, especially during colder seasons like late autumn, winter, and early spring. This method allows cattle to spend more time in the sun during the day, which supports physical activity, improves immunity, and increases production efficiency. *Author: Shanting District Agricultural Bureau, Zaozhuang City, 277200* *Source: Ducheng Government, Zaozhuang District, Zaozhuang Town Government, 277218*

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