Straw feeding cattle four to

To ensure high-quality feeding for cattle, it is essential to select straw with a high leaf content, as the leaves contain the most nutrients. The ideal straw should be yellow-green in color and have a soft texture. It is crucial to avoid any foreign materials such as dirt, plastic, feathers, or metal, as these can be harmful. Additionally, straw contaminated with pesticides or mold must not be used, as it could lead to poisoning in cows. Next, proper processing of the straw is necessary. Cut the straw into short pieces of about 3 to 4 centimeters. When conditions allow, consider alkalization, ammoniation, or salinization to improve its digestibility and nutritional value. For **alkalization**, place the rice straw in a tank or concrete pond and soak it in a 1% quicklime solution or 3% cooked lime water for 24 hours before removing it. For **ammoniation**, soak the straw in a 3% ammonia solution for 7 to 10 days. Afterward, dry the straw, cut it into smaller pieces, and feed it to the cows. For **salinization**, mix 0.6 to 1 kg of salt with 100 kg of rice straw and 150 to 160 kg of warm water. Stir thoroughly and store in a concrete pool. After one day of fermentation, the straw is ready to be fed. It’s also important to provide a **diverse diet**. Straw alone has limited nutritional value, so supplementing with high-quality green feed or protein-rich concentrates is essential. Legume forage, such as clover or alfalfa, is rich in calcium and can help balance the mineral content of the straw. Protein sources like soybean meal, corn, and sorghum are good choices for concentrates. Avoid overfeeding bran, especially wheat bran, which is high in phosphorus and may disrupt the calcium-phosphorus balance in cows, leading to weak bones and muscle spasms. When feeding, follow a **reasonable feeding method**. Ensure regular rations, frequent small meals, and a balanced mix of grasses. Always provide clean, warm water at 15–25°C after each feeding. Feed the cows several times a day, adding fresh grass each time until they are full. When giving concentrates, mix them with chopped straw to improve digestion. In addition to daytime feeding, it’s beneficial to feed cattle **at night**. Providing a meal in the evening helps keep their stomachs full, improves heat production, and enhances cold resistance. At night, the environment is quieter, allowing the cows to rest, ruminate, and digest more effectively. A recommended feeding schedule is to feed at 9 AM, 6 PM, and once at night, especially during colder months. This allows cows to spend more time in the sun during the day, promoting activity and overall health. Night feeding can result in healthier, more active cattle, better meat quality, and faster growth, ultimately reducing slaughter time. *Shan Hongmin Agricultural Bureau, Shanting District, Zaozhuang City 277200* *Ducheng Government, Zaozhuang District, Zaozhuang Town Government, 277218*

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