The main technical points of stingray artificial breeding
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Stingrays prefer to live in calm or slow-moving waters and can survive in a wide range of temperatures, typically between 0°C and 39°C. The ideal temperature for their growth is 22°C to 28°C, while the optimal pH level is between 7.0 and 8.5. They also require water with a dissolved oxygen content of more than 3.0 mg/L. In the wild, newly hatched stingrays rely on their yolk sac for nourishment during the first 3 to 5 days after hatching. As they grow into fry, they feed on zooplankton such as rotifers, small cladocerans, and leeches. In artificial breeding environments, finely chopped small fish, shrimp, and mollusks can also be used as food.
Female stingrays usually reach sexual maturity at the second instar, while males mature at the third instar. The breeding season occurs when the water temperature is between 23°C and 26°C, and each female can lay between 4,000 to 6,000 eggs per spawning. Like squid, stingray eggs are sticky and heavy. Under ideal conditions, these eggs hatch into larvae within 72 hours at a water temperature of 24°C to 26°C. Artificial breeding methods include both monoculture and polyculture systems.
In monoculture, ponds with fresh, well-oxygenated water and good drainage are selected. These ponds should be around 2 to 3 mu in size, with a depth of 1 to 2 meters. Drainage systems, nets, and proper pond cleaning with quicklime and bleaching powder are essential. After disinfection, approximately 2,500 to 3,000 juvenile stingrays (about 3 cm long) can be stocked per acre, along with 100 to 200 white sturgeon (around 12 cm long). Feed includes fresh animal-based foods like quail, clams, small fish, and shrimp, with daily feeding amounts ranging from 3% to 6% of the fish's body weight. During hot summer and autumn months, water should be changed every 7 to 10 days, with a depth change of 30 to 40 cm, maintaining water clarity at 35 to 40 cm.
To prevent disease, fish are often dipped in solutions like 10 ppm potassium permanganate or 2% to 4% salt for 5 to 10 minutes before stocking. Every 15 to 20 days, bleaching powder and quicklime are applied to maintain water levels of 1.2 ppm and 10 ppm respectively. Monthly treatments using traditional Chinese medicines such as rhubarb and radix, mixed into bait at 0.1% to 0.4%, help improve health. Care must be taken during handling, stocking, and transport to avoid injury and reduce the risk of water mold infections, especially in early spring and cold seasons. Monoculture can yield 200 to 300 kg per mu.
Polyculture involves raising stingrays alongside other species in net pens, ponds, or specialized aquaculture systems. Typically, 100 to 200 stingrays over 3 cm in length are stocked per acre, along with major fish species like carp, tilapia, crabs, or turtles. This method allows for an additional yield of 20 to 30 kg of stingrays (150–200 grams each) per mu without affecting the main species' production. Polyculture helps reduce competition from small fish and shrimp, increases overall yield, and controls parasitic diseases effectively.