Cultivation Techniques for Non-pollution Cultivation of Agaricus bisporus

Yongchang County, located at an altitude above 2000 meters, employs semi-subterranean or underground facilities for cultivating *Agaricus bisporus*. The cultivation season typically begins in April to May, with sowing taking place between June and October. This timing helps avoid high temperatures that could damage the crop, enabling a more controlled and seasonal production cycle. Facility disinfection is a critical step before each growing season. During idle periods, all plastic films are removed, and waste materials are cleared out. Sun-drying is used to reduce harmful biological communities within the structure, minimizing disease risks. Additionally, fumigation with 66% sodium dichloroisocyanurate smoke is applied before planting to ensure a clean environment for mushroom growth. The selected cultivars include As2796, Double 13, and Double 7, known for their high yield and adaptability. The culture media formulas vary depending on the base material. For wheat grass-based mixtures, the formula includes 1750 kg of wheat grass, 1750 kg of dry cow dung (or other animal manure), 140 kg of oil cake, 35 kg of superphosphate, 45 kg of gypsum, 40 kg of lime, 20 kg of urea, and sufficient water. A similar approach is used for barley grass-based mixtures, with adjusted quantities of barley grass and other ingredients. Composting is carried out strictly according to the formula, involving one or two rounds of fermentation, or high-temperature treatment, to produce high-quality substrates. Sowing is done using well-developed mycelium, ensuring optimal growth conditions. After sowing, the first three days focus on maintaining moisture and limited ventilation to encourage hyphal growth. In high-temperature conditions, proper ventilation is essential to prevent heat stress. As the mycelium develops over 7–10 days, ventilation is gradually increased to promote even distribution throughout the substrate. By day 18–20, when the mycelium covers about two-thirds of the material, soil covering is applied. The soil is mixed with coarse and fine particles, and a 3.5 cm layer is spread evenly over the surface. Post-soil-covering management involves careful watering to adjust soil moisture, ensuring it is not too wet. Daily ventilation is maintained to reduce humidity and prevent bacterial overgrowth. Temperature should be kept below 25°C for about 10–15 days. When mycelium appears on the soil surface, gentle rubbing with a small tool helps promote horizontal growth and prevents premature fruiting body formation, which can lead to uneven mushroom development. During the fruiting stage, water needs increase as mushrooms grow to the size of soybeans. Ventilation is reduced slightly after watering, but not completely sealed. Maintaining a temperature below 20°C ensures firm, high-quality mushrooms. If the temperature rises, the mushrooms may become smaller and open prematurely, so timely harvesting is crucial. Harvesting occurs 5–7 days after the first appearance of mushrooms. The caps should be 3–4 cm in diameter, and the pellicle should remain intact. When picking, hold the cap gently and twist it to avoid damaging nearby mushrooms. Pest and disease prevention follows a "prevention first" strategy, emphasizing physical controls such as sanitation and environmental management. Pesticides are only used as a last resort and must be registered for use on edible fungi, ensuring safety and compliance with regulations. Regular monitoring and prompt action help maintain a healthy and productive cultivation environment.

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