Cultivation Techniques for Non-pollution Cultivation of Agaricus bisporus
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Yongchang County, located at an altitude above 2000 meters, is known for its unique approach to cultivating Agaricus bisporus. Due to the high elevation, the region uses semi-subterranean or underground mushroom cultivation facilities to protect the crops from extreme temperatures. The planting season typically begins in April and May, with sowing taking place between June and October. This seasonal strategy helps avoid heat damage and ensures optimal growing conditions.
Facility disinfection is a crucial step before each cultivation cycle. During idle periods, the plastic films are removed, and all waste is cleared. Sunlight is used to reduce harmful microorganisms within the structures, minimizing the risk of disease. Additionally, before introducing new cultures, the facilities are fumigated using 66% sodium dichloroisocyanurate smoke to ensure a clean environment.
The selected mushroom varieties include As2796, Double 13, and Double 7, which are well-suited for the local climate. The composting formula varies depending on the type of culture material used. For wheat straw and cow dung-based substrates, the mix includes 1750 kg of wheat straw, 1750 kg of dry cow dung (or other animal manure), 140 kg of oil cake, 35 kg of superphosphate, 45 kg of gypsum, 40 kg of lime, 20 kg of urea, and sufficient water. A similar formula applies to barley straw, with slight adjustments in quantities.
Composting is done following strict protocols, including primary and secondary fermentation, as well as high-temperature treatment, to produce high-quality culture materials. Sowing is performed using mature mycelium, ensuring strong and healthy growth. After sowing, the initial three days focus on maintaining moisture and controlled ventilation to support hyphae development. If temperatures exceed 28–30°C, additional cooling measures are taken to prevent heat stress.
As the mycelium grows, ventilation is gradually increased to promote even distribution throughout the substrate. By day 7–10, the mycelium should cover the surface, and daily ventilation becomes essential. Soil covering is applied when the mycelium reaches about two-thirds of the substrate depth, typically after 18–20 days. The soil layer is 3.5 cm thick, made of a mix of coarse and fine soil.
Post-soil-covering management involves careful watering to maintain proper moisture without over-saturation. Air circulation is maintained through regular ventilation to keep humidity levels under control and prevent bacterial overgrowth. Temperature is kept below 25°C for about 10–15 days. A gentle rub on the soil surface with a small tool encourages horizontal mycelial growth and prevents premature mushroom emergence.
During the fruiting stage, water requirements increase, and ventilation is reduced slightly to maintain humidity. The ideal temperature for mushroom growth is below 20°C, which results in firm, round, and high-quality mushrooms. If temperatures rise, mushrooms may become small and open prematurely. Timely harvesting is essential.
Harvesting occurs 5–7 days after the mushrooms appear, when the caps reach 3–4 cm in diameter and the pellicle is intact. Mushrooms are carefully picked by hand, rotating gently to avoid damaging nearby ones.
Pest and disease management follows a "prevention first" approach, focusing on physical controls such as sanitation and environmental regulation. Pesticides are only used as a last resort, and they must be registered for use on edible fungi. All applications are monitored to ensure safety and compliance with regulations.
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