Rye stalk fly
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The scientific name of this insect is *Oscinella frit* (Linnaeus), which belongs to the order Diptera and family Syringidae. It is also known as the Swedish wheat fly. This pest is primarily found in northern regions of China, including Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and extends slightly south of the Yellow River, reaching areas such as Tai'an in Shandong, Zhenba in Shaanxi, and the eastern part of the Bohai Sea. Its range also includes western Gansu, Kashgar in Xinjiang, Zibo in Shandong, Bashang in Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, and Qinghai—regions where wheat is commonly grown.
The primary host plants include wheat, barley, rye, oats, and corn. The larvae cause significant damage by feeding on the heart or young ears of the plants, leading to withering or death of the affected parts. Infestations are more severe before the plant reaches maturity. Typically, one generation affects spring wheat seedlings, the second generation targets oat ears, and the third generation attacks winter wheat.
Morphologically, the adult is about 1.8 mm in length, with a black body that appears thick and robust. The pronotum is black, and the antennae are black with white tips and transparent wings. The abdomen is black, while the legs are brown. The eggs are white, elongated, and cylindrical, featuring a distinct longitudinal groove and ridge. The last-instar larvae measure around 4.5 mm in length, with a narrow front end and a rounded posterior section, ending in two short protrusions. Newly hatched larvae are translucent, becoming more cylindrical as they mature. When fully developed, they turn yellowish-white, resembling a guillotine shape, measuring about 3 mm in length. They are tan, cylindrical, with four small projections at the front and two at the back.
In terms of life habits, this species has 3–4 generations per year. Mature larvae overwinter inside the stems of winter crops or wild grasses. In the following spring, as the snow melts, they emerge and pupate. After approximately 20 days, the first generation of adults emerges. These adults lay eggs within 10 to 38 days, typically depositing around 70 eggs on the stems of young seedlings, near the leaf ligule, or on the surface of the leaves. Occasionally, eggs may be laid in the soil or on the ears of the plant.
Newly hatched larvae burrow into the stems and feed on the lower part of the heart or ear buds, causing them to wither and die. The entire life cycle from egg to adult takes between 22 and 79 days, depending on environmental conditions.
For control methods, it is recommended to refer to standard practices for managing wheat stalk flies, such as crop rotation, timely planting, and the use of appropriate insecticides when necessary. Monitoring fields regularly and implementing integrated pest management strategies can significantly reduce damage caused by this pest.