How to prevent eggplant verticillium wilt

In recent days, Liu Huanjing from Jingjia Village in Tangwang Town, Licheng District, Jinan City, Shandong Province, and Tian Mingliang from Tianjia Village in Yaoqiang Town reported that their eggplants were showing signs of yellowing and wilting. They requested an on-site inspection and resolution. On the same day, the author visited the eggplant fields of both Liu Huanjing and Tian Mingliang and observed that many plants had already started to exhibit yellowing and wilting symptoms—clear indicators of Verticillium wilt. This disease is one of the most common soil-borne infections affecting eggplants. Once it takes hold, it's challenging to manage, and the damage can be severe. If not addressed promptly, it may lead to a widespread outbreak. The field symptoms of eggplant Verticillium wilt typically appear after fruiting has begun, with the disease becoming more severe during the fruiting stage. At the early stages, the middle and lower leaves of the plant show chlorosis, gradually moving upward, causing half of the branches and leaves to turn yellow and die off. This condition is often referred to as "half crazy." In extreme cases, the entire plant may wither, with leaves drying up and stems turning light in color. When the roots and stems are peeled, the vascular bundles inside often appear brown, which is why this disease is also called "black heart disease." Verticillium wilt is caused by a soil-borne pathogen, primarily *Verticillium dahliae*. The fungus survives in the soil for years in the form of mycelium, chlamydospores, and pseudosclerotia, especially in the remains of infected plants. It can remain viable for 6 to 8 years. The pathogen usually enters through root wounds or directly through root hairs, spreading within the plant’s vascular system. Continuous cropping or repeated planting in the same area increases the risk of infection, as the soil accumulates more pathogens over time. Temperature also plays a key role in disease development. The optimal temperature range for disease progression is between 20°C and 25°C. The longer the average daily temperature remains below 15°C during the eggplant's growth period, the earlier and more severe the disease becomes. However, when temperatures exceed 28°C, the disease tends to slow down or even stop. Other factors such as heavy soils, saline-alkali conditions, double cropping, excessive nitrogen application, root damage, improper planting depth, transplanting under intense sunlight, cracked soil, and watering on cold days can all contribute to the spread of Verticillium wilt. These conditions create a favorable environment for the pathogen to thrive. To prevent and control the disease, farmers can apply microbial agents at a rate of 20–30 kg per acre during transplanting. Before the onset of symptoms, a solution of "Micro Multi-Purpose" (800 grams diluted 300 times) can be used to water each plant. Foliar sprays should also be applied. Before symptoms appear, a mixture of thiazole zinc (400 times) and natural alizarin (6000 times), such as "Shu-Feng 481," can be sprayed on the leaves every 8–10 days, up to two or three times. For plants already showing symptoms, affected roots should be removed immediately. For those just beginning to wilt, a 300-fold dilution of "Micro Multi-Purpose" or thiazole zinc (400 times) can be applied to the roots. Alternatively, 50% aluminum chloride (300 times) or 60% aluminum sulfate (500 times) can be used for irrigation.

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