About U.S. Red Grape Cultivation

1. Solar greenhouse construction and planting The solar greenhouse is divided into a glass solar greenhouse and a plastic film greenhouse. The production is mainly the latter. Its construction form and specifications are determined according to the size of the space, and the general greenhouse back wall is 2.5 to 2.7 meters high. The spine is 2.7 to 2.9 meters high, the spine is 1 to 1.5 meters away from the posterior wall, and the vertical height is 1.5 meters from the front 1 meter. The column is set to 1 column and the greenhouse is 7 to 9 meters wide. The length is not In the limit, there are 1 to 2 pillars in the middle.
Sunlight greenhouses have a ramp slope, daylight into the room during the day, the winter sunshine can be shot to the north wall, increase the indoor reflected light energy, so that room temperature increases, at night there is a thick north wall wind, conducive to insulation, some areas shed Covering the quilts, straw drapes or quilts will increase the insulation effect and increase the effective accumulated temperature in the room, thus effectively prolonging the growth period of the grapes.
Solar greenhouses are grown in various forms. The main ones are:
(1) The north and south rows of hedgerows are planted in a solar greenhouse that is 7 to 8 meters wide and 2.5 to 3.0 meters high in north and south. Pingdu Dazeshan mainly adopts this type, with a row spacing of 1.4 to 1. 5 meters, planting at a distance of 0.5 meters, planting about 800 per acre, using a small fan-shaped pruning, this type of planting is conducive to standardized management, and the second year can get a considerable yield, the disadvantage is that with more seedlings The light transmission in the booth is poor.
(2) The east-west trellis planting is applicable to a solar greenhouse which is 6.5 to 7.5 meters wide and 2.5 to 3.0 meters high. In the south of the shed edge 1 meter at the ditch, planting from east to west, the plant spacing of 0.5 to 0.75 meters away from the east and west walls of 1.0 to 1.5 meters, was lined up by a long serpentine array, With a tilting scaffolding Dulong dry pruning. The space between the scaffolding roof and the plastic sheeting on the roof of the greenhouse should be 40-60 cm to prevent the grape leaves from being burned by the high-temperature shed. 150-210 strains per acre are planted.
2. Plastic greenhouses were established and planted in the form of plastic greenhouses, with steel or bamboo poles built into an arched skeleton, covered with plastic film.
The advantage of plastic greenhouses is that they are easy to build, easy to move, fast in humidification and good in light. The disadvantages are fast heat dissipation and poor insulation. The maturity of plastic greenhouses is 25 to 35 days earlier than the open season.
There are many kinds of patterns for the cultivation of plastic greenhouses, and the more commonly used ones are:
(1) The north-south row fence planting is applicable to a large column-free steel frame plastic greenhouse with a width of 8 to 14 meters. In the shed, 1.8 to 2 meters spacing, 0.80 to 1.00 meters plant spacing planting, the use of hedgerows, near the shed side of the two rows due to a large dwarf scaffolding, should adopt a horizontal arm pruning. The middle row can use horizontal pruning or small fan pruning.
(2) The north-west ridge roof planting is suitable for a column-free steel frame plastic canopy with a width of 8 to 10 meters. On the east and west sides of the shed, 1 meter away from the shed edge, north and south, each row of grapes of 0.5 to 0.8 meters is planted, and the scaffolding and dry cutting of Dulong are used to form a trussed scaffold in the greenhouse. The branches of grapevines can be climbed on shelves, and can also be used on both sides of the scaffolding. The middle section is set up with 1 to 2 rows of stand-ups for full use of land and space.
3. Cultivation and management of grapes planted in the greenhouse, the best choice for large seedlings, to ensure that the second year of production, soil, fertilizer, water and other management after planting with the same open ground management.
(1) The winter pruning of protected areas is more dense, and care must be taken to keep the number of main twigs in order to ensure the output in the coming year.
(2) Winter temperatures in winter protected areas are as low as -15°C or below. During the dormant period, it must be buried and protected against cold. The thickness and width of buried soils vary according to the thickness of permafrost. The temperature near the main root group of the grape is not lower than -5°C, and the thickness of the buried soil in the shed is about 10 cm, and it can be safely overwintering. In North China and Shandong, there is no need to cover the cold in the area.
(3) Sheds and withdrawal times should generally be shed at the end of the grape dormancy period. The green dormancy period is about 1200 hours. In the Daze area of ​​Pingdu, the grapevines in the solar greenhouses generally start sheds during the “winter season”. The sheds cover the curtains during the day and open the ventilation belt in the evening. The role is to reduce the shed temperature, which is conducive to hibernation. Before and after the “winter solstice”, the dormancy period ends. Warming and germination, plastic greenhouses can be shed after the Spring Festival, relying on the sun naturally warming. Whether it is a greenhouse or a plastic greenhouse, it can be removed after the grapes are harvested.
(4) Temperature Management Protected grapes mainly increase the temperature. However, the grapes require different temperatures at different times. The germination period has a temperature of 20 to 25°C during the day and 10 to 15°C at night. The germination is neat and the shoots are thick. Flowering during the day around 28 °C, 18 °C at night is appropriate. The fruit enlargement period is 28 to 30°C during the day and 16 to 18°C ​​at night. At this time, the temperature during the day is relatively high. It is necessary to increase the ventilation opening and prolong the ventilation time. Berries mature during the day 30 ~ 32 °C, 7 ~ 10 °C at night, such as greenhouse and greenhouse temperature is too high, the ventilation should be timely ventilation and spray cooling.
(5) Water Management Water management and temperature management are equally important in protected areas. The humidity in the shed has a great influence on germination, flowering, fruit setting and fruit quality. The soil moisture content in the grape growing period is 70% to 80%, and the plants grow vigorously. Therefore, it is better to keep the humidity in the shed to 70%-80% after germination. When the new shoot grows to about 20 centimeters, the soil moisture should be kept at about 70%, and the humidity in the shed should be reduced to about 60%, which is beneficial to flowering and solidification and reduce the occurrence of grey mold and black pox. At the same time pay attention to ventilation. Fruit enlargement period, large amount of water evaporation, need more water and fertilizer, timely dressing, irrigation, soil moisture maintained at 70% to 80%, air humidity in the shed is about 70% is appropriate.
(6) Output adjustment Grape production in protected areas should be adjusted according to 1200-2000 kilograms per mu. The yield is too high, the fruit coloring is poor, the quality is poor, the maturity period is delayed, and the commodity price is affected.

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