Slight heat: catch crops such as cotton
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On July 7th, the summer heat period begins, marking the peak of the hottest season of the year. This time, from the minor heat to the great heat, is characterized by high temperatures and intense solar radiation. In the northern regions, rainfall becomes more frequent and concentrated before and after the summer heat, while southern China, the Southwest, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau experience monsoon rains. However, droughts often occur in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, significantly impacting agriculture and early drought prevention efforts. Thunderstorms during this period bring tropical storm-related precipitation, which benefits rice growth but can harm economic crops like cotton, soybeans, and vegetables.
During this critical period, field management becomes a primary focus for farmers. Mid-season rice has entered the booting stage, and timely application of panicle fertilizer is essential based on crop development. Single-season late rice is undergoing tillering, so it's important to apply fertilizers as soon as possible. For late seedlings, applying "marriage manure" 5 to 7 days before planting helps promote healthy growth. As the summer heat intensifies, cotton pruning must not be delayed. Most cotton fields are about to flower, requiring timely re-fertilization, pruning, and removal of old leaves to balance nutrient distribution, improve air circulation, and enhance light penetration.
The flowering and boll-forming stage is the most active growth phase for cotton. During this time, the plant requires large amounts of nitrogen, with about 60% of its total nitrogen uptake occurring in this period. Phosphorus and potassium are also crucial, making up over half of their total intake from boll formation to opening. The competition between group fertility and individual fertility often leads to flower and boll drop, which can reduce yields. Effective water and nitrogen management is key to minimizing losses and maximizing yield potential.
Top-dressing during this period typically involves applying 10–15 kg/acre of urea. If the soil lacks potassium or if there is no potassium in the base fertilizer, an additional 5 kg of potassium chloride should be added. Potassium application at this stage promotes boll production, especially for insect-resistant cotton varieties, which require 30% more potash than standard varieties.
Fertilizer should be mixed well and irrigated promptly to avoid volatilization or damage to cotton leaves. Many farmers still use unscientific methods, such as surface application without irrigation. In high-yield or super-high-yield fields, if the cotton shows signs of weak growth or premature capping, adding 5–8 kg/acre of urea can help delay plant decline and encourage the formation of autumn bolls.
Top-dressing strategies should be tailored to local conditions. Based on regional differences across China, the following guidelines are recommended:
1. In the Huanghuai and Haimian cotton regions, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use is generally high, but organic inputs are insufficient, and deficiencies in boron and zinc often occur. Farmers should follow the principle of "early flowering for the first flush, blooming for the second, and supplementing as needed." About 15–20% of nitrogen should be applied during flowering, and half of the potassium should be used at the initial flowering stage. For weaker-growing fields, a foliar spray of 0.5–1.0% urea and 0.3–0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate (50–75 kg per application) every 7–10 days for 2–3 times is effective.
2. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, 25–30% of nitrogen fertilizer is used for full-dressing topdressing, and 15–20% for side-dressing. For weaker-growing cotton, a similar foliar spray is recommended: 0.5–1.0% urea and 0.3–0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, applied every 7–10 days for 2–3 times.
3. In Xinjiang, top-dressing integrates water and fertilizer management. In ground-irrigated fields, 20–25% of nitrogen is applied during flowering. In drip-irrigated fields under plastic mulch, fertilizers are applied according to crop growth, with a maximum of 2 kg/acre (pure nutrients).
These practices ensure optimal nutrient supply and support healthy, high-yielding cotton crops throughout the growing season.
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