Slight heat: catch crops such as cotton

On July 7th, the summer heat season begins, marking the peak of the year’s hottest period. This time, from the minor heat to the major heat, is when temperatures are at their highest. In northern regions, rainfall typically increases significantly before and after this period, with precipitation becoming more concentrated. Meanwhile, South China, Southwest China, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are in their monsoon rainy season. However, droughts often occur in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, posing significant challenges for agriculture and early drought prevention measures. Thunderstorms during this time are often linked to tropical storms, bringing much-needed rain for crops like rice. However, they can also be harmful to economic crops such as cotton, soybeans, and vegetables. As a result, farmers must carefully manage both the benefits and risks of these weather events. During this critical period, field management becomes a top priority in agricultural activities. Mid-season rice has entered the booting stage, and timely application of panicle fertilizer is essential based on plant growth. Single-season late rice is undergoing tilling, so fertilization should be applied as soon as possible. For late seedlings, it's important to apply "marriage manure" 5 to 7 days before planting. The saying goes, “Summer heat is hot, and cotton pruning cannot be delayed.” Cotton in most areas is about to flower, so it's crucial to re-fertilize, prune, and remove old leaves to balance nutrient distribution, improve air circulation, and enhance light penetration. The flowering and boll-forming stage is the most active period for cotton growth, requiring higher levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Nitrogen absorption during this phase accounts for approximately 60%, while phosphorus and potassium make up over half of what the plants need from boll formation to opening. During this time, conflicts between group fertility and individual fertility may arise, which can lead to flower and boll drop if not managed properly. Effective water and nitrogen management is key to maintaining high yields. In terms of top-dressing, the main approach is to supplement an appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer, such as 10 to 15 kg per mu of urea. If the soil lacks potassium or if no potassium was included in the base fertilizer, an additional 5 kg of potassium chloride should be added. Potassium application at this stage helps promote boll development. For insect-resistant cotton varieties, potassium fertilizer should be increased by at least 30% compared to standard varieties. Fertilizer application methods should involve mixing the fertilizer and irrigating promptly to avoid urea volatilization, which can damage cotton leaves. Unfortunately, many farmers still use unscientific practices, such as applying urea on the surface and waiting for rain without covering the soil or watering immediately. In high-yield or super-high-yield fields, if the cotton shows signs of weak growth or premature capping, it’s advisable to apply 5–8 kg of urea per mu to prevent early plant decline and encourage late-season boll formation. Top-dressing strategies should be tailored to local conditions. Based on the characteristics of different cotton-producing regions in China, the following guidelines are recommended: 1. In the Huanghuai and Haimian cotton regions, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use is generally high, but the effectiveness is declining. Organic fertilizer use is insufficient, and deficiencies in trace elements like boron and zinc frequently occur. It's important to follow the principle of “chasing the first fat at the early bloom, catching the second fat at flowering, and supplementing as needed later.” For high-yield cotton, 15–20% of nitrogen should be applied during the flowering stage, and half of the potassium should be applied at the beginning of flowering. For weaker-growing cotton, a mixture of 0.5–1.0% urea and 0.3–0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate (50–75 kg per application) can be sprayed every 7–10 days for 2–3 times. 2. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, 25–30% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as full-top dressing, and 15–20% is used for top-dressing. For weaker-growing cotton, the same solution as above can be applied once every 7–10 days for 2–3 times. 3. In Xinjiang, top-dressing is closely integrated with water and fertilizer regulation. In ground-irrigated fields, 20–25% of nitrogen fertilizer is applied during the flowering stage. In drip-irrigated fields under plastic mulch, fertilizers are applied according to plant growth through the drip system, but the total amount should not exceed 2 kg per mu (in pure nutrient terms).

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