High-quality forage grass --- rice grass

Rice grassland, also known as *Spartina* species, is a natural hybrid between European and American rice grasses. It thrives along the southern coast of the United Kingdom and has been cultivated in many countries for over 80 years, including the UK, Netherlands, Denmark, Australia, and the United States. In China, it was introduced from the U.S. in the 1960s and has since been successfully established along the northern beaches of Liaoning, as far south as Dianbai in Guangdong, across more than 50 coastal counties. Economically, rice grass is highly valuable as forage. Its young leaves and rhizomes are sweet, palatable, and rich in nutrients. It's favored by horses, cattle, sheep, and rabbits. Analysis shows that during the growth phase, its dry matter contains up to 13% crude protein, 9% in the flowering stage, with fat content ranging from 2.28% to 3.17%, fiber from 13.75% to 28%, calcium from 0.32% to 0.77%, and phosphorus from 0.2% to 0.27%. It also contains carotene (23.95–38.29 mg/kg), high levels of glutamate and leucine, and a digestibility of 60.86%. With a metabolic energy of 8.37 MJ/kg, it’s considered excellent for livestock feeding, yielding 15,000 to 30,000 kg of fresh grass per hectare. Beyond forage, rice grass plays an important ecological role. It increases soil organic matter, improves soil structure, stabilizes soft mudflats, promotes sedimentation, and helps reclaim saline soils. As such, it’s ideal for coastal animal husbandry, beach grasslands, and land reclamation projects. Botanically, rice grass is a perennial grass, growing 30 cm to over 1 meter tall. It has strong roots, erect stems, and can reproduce through underground rhizomes. Leaves are alternate, with waxy cells that reduce water loss and salt glands that excrete excess salt. The panicles range from 10 to 35 cm long, with spikelets containing one floret. It flowers from May to November and fruits from October to December, though seed production is low. Biologically, rice grass is highly salt-tolerant and flood-resistant, thriving in tidal flats where other plants cannot survive. However, it doesn’t tolerate drought or prolonged shade. It grows well in both saline and freshwater soils, and can rapidly expand in the first year after planting, forming dense pastures within a few years. It can withstand temperatures up to 42°C if water is sufficient, but freezes at -10°C. It also absorbs heavy metals like mercury, antimony, and cadmium, making it useful for environmental remediation. For cultivation, it’s best planted in the intertidal zone, avoiding areas near ports or aquaculture farms. Propagation is usually done through vegetative ramets rather than seeds. Seedlings are grown in shallow water with fertilizer, and then transplanted in bundles every 2–3 meters. Planting should be timed with tides, typically on days when the moon is full or new, ensuring the seedlings remain submerged for several days to establish roots. After planting, regular monitoring and maintenance are needed in the first few months. From the second year onward, the aboveground parts are harvested annually in autumn and winter to encourage regrowth in spring. Harvested grass can be fed directly, dried, or fermented for storage. In terms of use, rice grass is highly productive and regenerates quickly. It can be cut three times a year—once in June-July, again in September, and a final time in November. Cuttings should be made on sunny days, and the grass can be fed fresh, wilted, or processed into silage or hay. It’s suitable for grazing cattle, horses, sheep, deer, and rabbits, with rotational grazing recommended to maintain grass health.

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