Problems and Countermeasures in Winter Cutting of Apple Planting Garden
In the production of apples, in order to improve early returns, planting methods are usually used in some places with a spacing of 2 to 3 meters and 3 to 4 meters. However, due to the lack of matching of the plastic pruning, the tree just entered the fruiting period and the entire park closed, affecting the fruit. Yield and quality. The main problems are as follows: First, the forced reduction of the crown Because of orchard closure, many farmers in the winter cut using a short cut and retreat pruning to reduce the crown. This method of treatment after the end of pruning, it seems that the tree crown has indeed reduced a lot, but after the spring branches are pumped, it will cause full trees and strips, the crown will quickly expand again, resulting in closed canopy. After many years of practice, the author believes that if the apple orchard is planted in an apple orchard and the tree canopy is simply reduced through winter cutting, it cannot be fundamentally resolved. It should be determined by determining the temporary plant, permanent plant and septum, and interleaving methods at the time of planting. Solve the problem of closed canopy. Short pruning in the sapling period can only enlarge the canopy. Only the pruning and pruning can achieve the purpose of controlling the canopy, but the forced pruning and trimming can easily cause the growth of the canopy, affect the normal growth and results, and the tree structure is difficult to control. . Therefore, during retractive pruning, branches within the rows should be allowed to transfer properly, and branches between lines are not allowed to transfer. We must reserve about 80 centimeters of work lanes, and we must have a strong annual branch under the shears during pruning and trimming. A new extension of the branch inhibits excessive growth of shoots on the main branch of the crown. Second, the amount of excessive branching of modern fruit cultivation emphasizes long-term deployment of light cuts and more branches. Therefore, in the production practice, some farmers have been using light shear to keep the pruning technique from the establishment of apple seedlings. Over-exposure is not conducive to the early results and high yield of apple saplings; some fruit growers insist that each winter pruning should be limited to the extension of the main branch, and only in this way can the main branch with large sharpness and firm skeleton be cultivated. Bear more production. One-sided emphasis in the production of the above two kinds of pruning methods, will result in excessive pruning after winter branches, affecting the air and light in the crown, is not conducive to the formation of high-quality flower buds. In the short term, light shearing is indeed beneficial to apple's early high-yield, but blindly light shearing will cause tree branches to increase too quickly and canopy closure occurs within the canopy; in winter, too many short cuts will cause excessive branching of the main branch. The main branches are too thick and too fast to control, and the tree vigor will affect the formation of early flower buds and accelerate the closure of the orchard. To this end, the dense planting of orchards should follow the principle of thin tree branches. The method of pruning should be changed with the increase of the tree age: 1 to 2 years old trees are mainly plastic, and the basic skeleton of the tree body should be cultivated during pruning to minimize Long-range, short-cut is mainly used for the control of trunk stems and strong prosperous branches; 3 to 4 years old tree shaping and results should be taken into account, lightly cut and more branches should be kept to ease tree vigor and promote flower bud formation; trees above 5 years old Based on the results, under the premise of guaranteeing the basic structure of the tree, lightening and light transmission are carried out to ensure that there is room for growth between the branches and the branches. According to the principle of dense branches and branches, no flowers and long blooms, and proper retraction after flowering, less use of short cuts, stable tree vigor, reduction of branch number, promotion of flower bud transformation, improvement of ventilation and light transmission conditions in dense plantation gardens, and guarantee of stable fruit quality . 3. When the apple trees were just planted, many fruit growers were slow to expand the canopy, and they were low in dryness. The shoots near the ground were also kept, resulting in the trunk being too low. The main branches near the ground were prosperous and difficult to flower, and some were near. The rotation of the main branches on the ground resulted in weak stems and damaged the original tree, accelerating the process of dense planting of apple orchards. There are also many growers who worry that the tree is too high, affecting day-to-day management, and thus start controlling the tree height too early. Due to the strong centrifugal growth tendency of young apple tree sap, early control of its tree height will inevitably result in a strong horizontal development of the tree, requiring a large spacing between plants, which is not consistent with dense planting. Production practice shows that the tree height can appropriately exceed the row spacing during the young tree period, and the tree height is reduced year after year as a result of stability. The final tree height should be maintained at about 75% of the row spacing. To solve the above problem, the dense planting orchards should firstly prune the large branches below 80 cm from the ground during winter pruning. Before the tree enters a stable result, do not rush to retreat and fall. If the tree is too high, the pruning head can be properly trimmed. . Fourth, the tree is not reasonable There are some fruit growers in the apple orchard planted apple orchard is still in accordance with the habits of thin gardening pruning, using multiple main branches hierarchical tree, the main branch is large and long, resulting in dense planting garden did not result first closed. Therefore, different tree types should be selected according to different planting densities. Row spacing of 34 meters is more suitable to use an improved spindle, dry height not less than 60 cm, the three main branches of the base each retain 1 to 2 lateral branches, the other main branch is a uniaxially extended branch, the tree height is about 2.5 meters, During winter pruning, attention should always be paid to avoiding cross-bumps in the line and keep the operating lanes between the lines. The main branch is 8 to 10, and the spacing is 24 meters. The slender spindle is suitable for use. The whole tree does not raise lateral branches, and only the uniaxial extension is small. The main branch and the main branch were divided into different types of fruiting branches, with a stem height of 80 cm, a height of about 3 meters, and 12 to 15 main branches. When the planting density is increased again, the trunk tree shape can be used to directly train large, medium, and small fruiting branch groups on the central leadership, also known as uniaxiality without extending, if the unfavorable situation of the first closure occurs, avoid all Park heavy cut, should distinguish between permanent and temporary strains, permanent strains in accordance with the target tree culture, mainly to plastic surgery, temporary strains to take heavy ring peel and hormone control, promote the results, and retreat until the thinning year after year. (Department of Landscape Engineering, Heze University, Shandong)
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