High yield and high quality fertilization techniques for rice
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1, determine the amount of fertilizer The amount of rice fertilizer can be based on the needs of rice for nutrients, the amount of soil nutrients as well as the nutrient content and utilization of fertilized materials to be fully considered. The dependence of rice on the soil is closely related to soil fertility. The higher the soil fertility, the greater the proportion of soil nutrient supply. The paddy soil in our city is generally deficient in nitrogen. Most of them lack phosphorus and some of them lack potassium. In order to give full play to the effect of fertilizer production increase, not only nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium should be used in conjunction with the application of soil testing and formula fertilization. Fertilizer utilization in the current season in China is roughly in the range of 30–60% for nitrogen, 10–25% for phosphate, and 40–70% for potash.
2. Determination of fertilization period The fertilization period for high-yielding rice can generally be divided into four periods: base fertilizer, tiller fertilizer, panicle fertilizer, and grain fertilizer.
1 basal fat. The fertilizer applied to the soil before transplanting rice is basal fertilizer, and the basal fertilizer must be combined with organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer so as to satisfy the supply of available nutrients within the effective tillering period and the fertilizer effect is stable and long. Basal fertilizer should account for 40% of the total amount of chemical fertilizers, and it is generally combined with the last application of the chemical fertilizer.
2 points fertilizer. The delivery period is an important period for increasing the number of roots. It is advisable to apply early basal fertilizer on the basis of early application of tiller, promote tillering, increase the percentage of spikes, and increase effective panicles. It is generally applied half a month after transplantation or transplanting.
3 ear fertilizer. According to the period of topdressing and the effect of fertilizers, fertilizers can be divided into flower-promoting fertilizers and flower-fertilizers. Flower-fertilizers are applied during the period from cob differentiation to spikelet differentiation. Nitrogen application at this stage promotes the differentiation of shoots and spikelets. Increase the number of spikelets per panicle. Flowering fertilizer is applied before the meiosis of pollen cells, which can prevent the degradation of spikelets and increase the accumulation of stem and sheath storage. In the production practice, panicle fertilizer is generally not divided into flower-promoting fertilizers and preserved-flower fertilizers, and it is applied 40-50 days after transplanting.
4 grains. Granular fertilizer has the function of prolonging the leaf, increasing the photosynthesis intensity, increasing the grain weight, and reducing the effect of empty pods. Especially for paddy fields with small populations and varieties with large panicles and long filling periods, the application of granular fertilizers appears to be more meaningful.
Second, several fertilization methods
1, "pre-promotion" fertilization method. Its characteristic is that all the fertilizers are applied to the early stage of rice growth, and the distribution methods of heavy basic fertilizer and early application of flooding are mostly adopted. Generally, the basic fertilizer accounts for 70-80% of the total amount of fertilizer, and all the other fertilizers are applied after being returned to green.
2, before the promotion, in the control, post-supplementation method. Pay attention to the early fertilization of paddy fields, emphasize the medium-term nitrogen and late-stage nitrogen supply, generally the basic manure fertilizer accounts for 80-90% of the total fertilizer, ear and grain fertilizer accounts for 10-20%, suitable for longer growing period, and the ratio of panicle to ear is significant Hybrid rice.
3, before the stable, in the promotion, after the protection fertilization method. Reduce the amount of nitrogen applied in the early stage, apply medium-term heavy panicle fertilizer, and use appropriate granular fertilizer in the later period. Generally, basic and barley fertilizer account for 50-60% of the total amount of fertilizer. Spike and granules account for 40-50%.
Three, fertilization need to pay attention to a few issues
1, to apply enough organic fertilizer. The farmer's organic energy is a complete fertilizer containing a variety of nutrients, in addition to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, as well as sodium, magnesium, sulfur, calcium and various trace elements, the application of farm organic fertilizer, can improve soil ventilation and absorption of water retention characteristics, Promote the steady growth of rice plants, which will help rice to obtain high yield and quality. Organic energy is mainly used as basal fertilizer, 30 to 40 metric tons of matured soil miscellaneous fertilizer, 30 to 40 kilograms of cake fertilizer, and 40 to 50 tens of human and animal manure before ploughing.
2, to control nitrogen fertilizer. Appropriate application of nitrogen fertilizer rice can promote the growth of rice plants, but excessive application will not only result in increased ineffective tiller, turning green, lodging, disease and pest intensification, but also leading to more empty grains, seed setting rate, affecting rice yield. Therefore, in the growth and development of rice, we must pay attention to control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizers are mainly used as topdressing fertilizers. The first application of 6 to 7 kg of urea in paddy rice after interplanting with rice is performed for the first time. The second time after plugging in 13 to 15 days, 4 to 5 kg of urea per acre is applied in paddy field to facilitate the development of the tree. . Pay attention to the drainage of fertilizer in the medium term, only to the poor growth of the second and third types of seedlings, as appropriate, make some balance fertilizer, seedlings to see the late recovery of grain fertilizer 3 to 4 kg.
3, we must pay attention to the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are indispensable elements for the growth and development of rice, which can enhance the activity of the plant, promote the synthesis and operation of nutrients, enhance photosynthesis, extend the functional period of the leaves, make the grain full and full, and increase production. Phosphorus fertilizer is suitable for base fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer is better for topdressing. In a sufficient amount of organic fertilizer, 20 kg of phosphate fertilizer is applied per mu, and 3.5 to 5 kg of potassium chloride may be topdressed per mu before delivery. Late spraying of potassium dihydrogen phosphate can promote grain filling. In the late stage of heading and flowering and spraying at the grain filling stage, 150 grams of monopotassium phosphate is used per acre, and 50-60 kilograms of water is sprayed in the evening.
4, to increase fertilizer. Trace elements such as zinc, manganese, and boron can improve the supply of oxygen in rice roots, increase the resistance of rice plants, increase plant disease resistance, promote root development in the later period, prolong leaf function, prevent premature aging, and accelerate flower development. , Increase the amount of pollen, promote flower bud germination, is conducive to raising the rate of rice spikes; also promote the large panicles, increase seed-filling rate and grain filling degree, thus increasing rice yield. According to experiments, under the same conditions of cultivation and management measures, the application of trace element fertilizer can increase production by 40-50 kilograms per acre, while the production cost per acre increases by about 2 yuan. Application of zinc, manganese, boron and other trace elements in rice is generally better when spraying twice. The first time during childbirth, the second time during the completion of spikelet differentiation. The application rates of zinc, manganese, and boron fertilizers are 100-125 grams per mu, and the water-concentration is: zinc is one thousandth, manganese boron is five-tenths, and the leaves are sprayed on cloudy or sunny afternoons.