Diagnosis and treatment of common respiratory infectious diseases in pigs
In the past two years, porcine respiratory diseases with dyspnea and cough as the main symptoms have become major problems in swine production. There are almost all respiratory diseases in large-scale swine farms. The incidence rate is usually 30% to 60%, and the mortality rate is 5%. ~30%, and hard to prevent difficult to control, causing huge economic losses. 1 The main cause of porcine respiratory diseases 1.1 Infectious causes The pathogenic micro-organisms that cause porcine respiratory diseases are: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, swine influenza virus, pseudorabies virus from pigs, porcine respiratory coronavirus, Pasteurella multocida, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, paranosis bloodthirsty Bacillus, Borrelia bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, etc. Primary pathogens invade the respiratory tract and lungs first, destroying the defense barrier of the respiratory tract, causing the respiratory resistance of the pig to decline, and then secondary pathogens such as Haemophilus parasuis and Pasteurella multocida can enter the respiratory tract. And lungs, causing secondary mixed infections, outbreaks of respiratory diseases in herds. 1.2 Non-infectious causes Swine respiratory disease can develop throughout the year, especially when the seasons alternate. Sometimes the cause of swine disease is not caused by pathogenic microorganisms or parasites. It is caused by some external environment or management factors. These factors may be in some form. The degree is more important. Such as: did not take into account the temperature changes within 24 hours in the pig house, poor ventilation, breeding density is too large, the house of harmful gases (ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, etc.) and dust can not be discharged outside the circle, the design of the pigsty Unreasonably, improper management of pig farms with self-propagation and self-cultivation causes disease transmission, immunization failure due to improper preservation and use of vaccines, and isolation and quarantine of newly-introduced pigs. These factors may be the causes of outbreaks of respiratory diseases. 2 Diagnosis and treatment of common respiratory infectious diseases in pigs 2.1 Porcine gasping The chronic respiratory infectious diseases caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae (also called mycoplasma) are distributed worldwide. In the pigs infected with the disease, the mortality rate of clinical cases is not high, but the direct and indirect economic losses caused by the widespread, long-term and expendable nature of the epidemic and the secondary infections caused by it are very large. 2.1.1 Diagnostic points The main symptoms are pant and cough. The lesions were characterized by light red or lavender in the middle lobe, sharp leaves and the septum, and symmetrical "shrimp-like" lesions on both sides. Humpy lymph nodes, grayish white. Mycoplasma pneumoniae can grow on cell-free artificial medium. It requires strict culture conditions and it is difficult to develop. Therefore, the general test unit does not do the culture. X-ray examination is of great value in the diagnosis of this disease, and the rate of coincidence with necropsy is as high as 98%. 2.1.2 The recommended drug 1 tiamulin (net of the original branch), 200g per ton of feed, continuous feeding for 7 days, and then the dose reduced by half, continue to use for 1 to 2 weeks. 2 Fluoroquinolones such as enrofloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, 150g per ton of feed, mixed for 5 to 7 days, and then dosed in half, Continue to use for 1 to 2 weeks. 3 Fluoramphenicol powder, 1000g per ton of feed, used for 5 days, the cure rate was above 98%, and the recurrence rate was low. 4 other sensitive drugs. There are tylosin and tilmicosin. 5 Sulfonamides, penicillins, streptomycin, and erythromycin are not effective in the treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia. 2.2 Porcine infectious pleuropneumonia A respiratory infection in pigs caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (formerly known as Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae), characterized by pneumonia and pleurisy on clinical and necropsy. The disease is spread all over the world in developed swine areas and has become increasingly serious in recent years. 2.2.1 Diagnostic guidelines Pigs of all ages are susceptible to the disease. Medium to large pigs are common. Sows are the main source of infection. Characteristic symptoms are difficulty in breathing, coughing, and gasping of the pigs. Foam and blood flow from the mouth and nose. , cyanosis, etc.; pathological changes limited to the lungs and pleura, characterized by hemorrhagic fibrous pneumonia, chronic cases can be seen yellow and white nodules lesions, often with pleural adhesions. When the bacteria are separated, β-hemolysis occurs on the blood plate. 2.3 Haemophilus parasuis Porcine parasitism causes multiple serotonitis and arthritis in pigs, which has become a typical bacterial disease affecting the swine industry worldwide. 2.3.1 Diagnostic guidelines can affect young pigs aged from 2 weeks to 4 months, mainly after weaning, usually seen in pigs aged 5 to 8 weeks. The incidence rate can reach 10% to 15%, and the mortality rate can reach 50%. . Fever, loss of appetite, anorexia, unresponsiveness, pain (screaming), coughing, difficulty breathing, abdominal breathing, weight loss, lameness, rough hair. Swollen joints, lameness, trembling, ataxia. Visible mucosal cyanosis, lying on the side, may die. The sequelae may remain after acute infection, ie, miscarriage of sows and chronic claudication of boars. Even when antibiotics are used to infect a sow, severe illness can occur during childbirth. Bacterial isolation is often unsuccessful, but on a selective medium supplemented with antibiotics, a large number of bacteria can be successfully cultivated from respiratory specimens using special dilution techniques. 2.3.2 Recommended Medication 1 Amoxicillin + β-lactamase inhibitor 10 Pefloxacin (Baiyanqing), 2 ~ 3kg per ton of feed, continuous use for 5 ~ 7 days, half the dose and continue to use for 1 ~ 2 weeks . 2 Fluoramphenicol (pneumococcal crack), 1,000 g per pot of feed (potency), continuous use of 3 to 5 days, then the dose halved, continue to use for 2 weeks. 3 Other sensitive drugs include cefotaxime sodium and enrofloxacin. 4 Drugs that produce drug resistance: tetracycline, erythromycin, aminoglycosides, lincomycin. 2.4 Porcine atrophic rhinitis A chronic infectious respiratory disease caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica occurs sporadically in our country. 2.4.1 Diagnostic guidelines The most basic symptoms are sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing, and varying degrees of catarrhal rhinitis. Pigs of all ages can be infected, most commonly in pigs aged 2 to 5 months. The most characteristic lesion is the atrophy of the turbinate bone, and in particular the damage of the inferior curl of the turbinate is the most common. The etiological diagnosis can clear the infected pigs. The specific method is to use cotton swabs to penetrate into the nasal cavity, take secretions, separate and culture as soon as possible, and then do biochemical identification. 2.4.2 Recommended sows and piglets: 1 Sulfamethazine, 500g per ton of feed + TMP 100g, continuous feeding for 3 to 5 days, then the dose halved, continue to use 2 to 3 weeks. 2 Oxytetracycline: 800 grams per ton of feed, continuous feeding for 3 days, and then add 250 grams per ton of feed, continue to use 2 to 3 weeks. Finishing pigs: 1 sulfamethazine, 500g per ton of feed + TMP 100g, continuous mixed feed for 3 to 5 days, then the dose reduced by half, continue to use 2 to 3 weeks. 2 Each ton of feed plus oxytetracycline 150g + sulfadiazine 150g + penicillin G sodium 85g, mixed feeding for 2 weeks. 3 per ton of feed plus tylosin 200g + sulfamethazine 250g, continuous feeding for 1 to 2 weeks. 2.5 Pneumoconiosis Also known as Pasteurella multocida, commonly known as "lock throat laryngitis" or "swollen neck sputum," acute or sporadic and secondary infectious diseases caused by specific serotypes of Pasteurella multocida. 2.5.1 Diagnostic guidelines Typical symptoms are acute inflammation of the throat, redness, heat, swelling, pain, difficulty breathing, and hoarseness. The acute type mainly manifests as fibrinous pleuropneumonia, and the subacute main manifestations are chronic pneumonia and chronic gastroenteritis. 2.5.2 Recommended penicillin 1 and penicillin are intramuscularly administered at 250 mg/kg body weight and 1000 IU intramuscularly; gentamycin is intramuscularly administered at 5000 IU with porcine pulmonary epidemic antiserum. 2 Use 20% sulfathiazole sodium or 20% sulfadiazine sodium intramuscularly. If the first injection, combined with oral sulfa drugs, the effect is better. Oral dose, pig 2g, medium pig 4g, large pig 6g. 2.6 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome An acute, highly contagious infectious disease caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. The infected herd develops an epidemic characterised by reproductive and respiratory symptoms. It manifests itself as miscarriage, stillbirth, poor birth, and breathing. Difficulty is one of the most serious diseases that harm the swine industry. 2.6.1 Diagnostic guidelines Pigs of all ages, breeds, and uses can infect, but the incidence and mortality of newborn and pre-weaned piglets are high; growth and fattening pigs have high incidence, low mortality, and mild symptoms. . The most prominent feature is the diversity of clinical manifestations: anorexia, drowsiness, fever, depression, discoloration of the distal part of the skin, shortness of breath, coughing, infertility of sows, miscarriage, etc. Pathological changes in natural cases without bacterial secondary infection were not obvious, the most common being interstitial pneumonia. Because the clinical symptoms of the disease are not obvious, and there are sub-clinical infections and secondary infections, it is very difficult to rely solely on clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis should rely on the laboratory to complete. The most valuable methods are serological tests, virus isolation, histopathological examinations, and molecular biology diagnostic techniques. 2.6.2 Control measures can be used for immunological prevention. Antibiotics such as florfenicol, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin may be used in combination to control the secondary infection of bacteria. The general drug use time should last more than one week. If there are more feverish pigs, add 200mg/kg of dipyrone in the feed or add 100mg/kg of dipyrone in the drinking water. 3 Summary The principle of the treatment of respiratory diseases in porcine dyspnea and cough-predominant diseases is the use of high-sensitivity drugs for anti-bacterial and anti-inflammation, together with medications for cough and asthma, such as viral diseases, combined with enhanced body resistance and anti-viral drugs. 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2.2.2 The recommended drug 1 fluoxacin (pneumo-pneumococcus) is currently the most effective drug to control the disease, per ton of feed 1000g (valency), continuous use of 5 to 7 days, and then the dose reduced by half, continue to use 2 week. 2 Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, 1000g per ton of feed, continuous use for 5 to 7 days, then the dose halved, continue to use for 1 week. 3 other sensitive drugs are cefotaxime, lincomycin + spectinomycin compound preparations.