Beef cattle breeding technology, new beef cattle breeding technology, beef cattle calf, shelf cattle, fattening cattle, calf breeding technology
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In a cattle farm, the layout of various types of cowsheds and corresponding facilities is affected by topography and landforms, and cannot be generalized. However, from the perspective of the current development level of the cattle industry, in order to better meet the production requirements, it is necessary to provide some basic requirements for the physiological characteristics of cattle of different ages and genders. Some cattle farms do not meet the hygienic requirements due to the design of the housing, and the physiological requirements of the cattle are suppressed. Even if more materials are provided, the production performance cannot be fully exerted. The management level of a cattle farm depends on the usual management and is also affected by the design of the cattle farm. One, yak cowshed:
In juvenile period, yaks use milk as their only food. After suckling, yak still maintains the behavior of sucking milk. In order to prevent it from eating contaminants, young puppies within six weeks of age are preferably treated as individual calves. All kinds of cowsheds are made of movable individual bullpen. Because the removable Niu Lan Qing is convenient for the dirt under the management column, the bed can be kept dry, and the yaks can be disinfected and disinfected and the bedding and feces can be completely removed after the yaks are transferred to the group to implement the routine sanitary and epidemic prevention measures. In the calf house, the calf of the young calf varies according to the size of the herd and can be housed in the same age as the older calf, but each bar is the best and the bar must be kept at a certain distance. Do not scold each other and reduce the amount of hair and dirt to prevent corditis. In mild climate areas or seasons, the pens on the pens have more advantages. For example, the quay floor is covered with cobblestones, which is good for washing. When the bullpen is removed, washing and exposing the pebbles are very sanitary measures. Some advanced countries are promoting the closure of three sides, one side of the sun, no bottom, a bull bar with a cowl, is very good for maintaining the survival rate of yaks. On a small dairy farm, a calf is not necessarily a separate pen home. It can be located at one end of a barn, but calves with less than six weeks of age are still best kept in a single bar after breastfeeding. 1.5-8 months old calves can be managed by individual size and breast feeding. At this time, you can use the bull bar, small group circle, generally six per bar, each yak has a 30-45 cm slot length, if you are in the barn playground, there is a sun shelter. At this age stage, hay and silage are the main feed, and grass troughs and feed troughs are necessary facilities.
Second, bred cowshed:
Breeding cattle usually have sheds. As the weight of cattle increases, hard ground should be set at the foot of the cattle feed trough. If the cattle are large, to prevent crowding and colliding with each other, the neck slug can be avoided when feeding. occur. In places where grazing conditions exist, the drinking water can be located outside the barn; full-house-fed cattle are required to have a drinking water tank in the shed or a drinking trough on the playground. In a very cold area, there must be a "warm" circle. This type of barn requires a wall thickness of 30 to 40 cm. The warmer area walls can be thinner (25 cm). The structure of the gabled roof and the roof is more conducive to cold protection. At the same time, the ventilation holes on the roof are still necessary, so as to avoid air pollution in the barn when the house is fed for several days, causing pneumonia, sputum and other diseases.
Third, into the cowhouse:
Adult cow houses have standardized designs in our country. There are head-to-head and tail-to-tail positions. Most of the adult cow houses are equipped with milking machines. In recent years, the mode of milking rooms is being tried out. Generally, there are standard design requirements.
Fourth, supporting facilities:
Generally include manure, sports grounds, storage areas and feeding areas, water supply systems.
Cow breeding technology II:
1. Dairy cows should make heavy use of roughage, hay grass, green grass, silage, and tuber feed to enhance the digestive capacity of cattle. Fine material is a tonic part of dairy cows' nutrition. When all feeds are used, they should be mixed evenly and loosely, and all types of feeds should be kept clean without spoilage or mixed with foreign matter such as iron, and must not be fed with mildew. The feed allocation for all types of cattle is based on age, body weight, yield, mating, pregnancy, and transition status. The feed of dairy cows (mainly concentrates) should be distributed according to the principles of low nutrient before delivery, high nutrition after delivery, and guidance and feeding methods at the early stage of lactation.
2. There should be plenty of fresh air in the cowshed. The ground should be kept dry, ventilated in summer, kept warm in winter, prevent thieves from being windy, and be covered with grasses, and be replaced regularly. Herbs should be picked and used without any mildew to prevent cows from eating and causing diseases. Places exposed to cows are forbidden to injure cattle bodies. Hoof hoofs must be regularly corrected. Horns that are too long must be sawed off in time to avoid inducing hoof inflammation, injuring their cattle, paying attention to breast protection, and preventing breasts during cold seasons. Contact the concrete floor. Assist in the prevention of cattle disease and cattle disease treatment, and do a good job of nursing the sick cows, and report abnormalities immediately to the veterinarian. All types of cows should be scraped three times a day, and the hindgums and tail contaminated dung should be rinsed clean with warm water, and those with skin diseases or parasites should be placed last. Appliances, healthy cows, diseased cows should be used separately to prevent infection. Every day, the environment inside and outside the barn is cleaned, and the barn environment is disinfected once a month. The stadium cleans cow dung three times a day and keeps it clean. The cattle playground should be smooth and well drained, with reasonable structure, and no foreign matter should be stored. For example, the convex and concave should be filled in in time, and it is forbidden to accumulate sewage in the feces so as not to affect the health of the cattle.
3. For the feed of lactating cows, the basic materials for alkaline reactions should be used more often, ie hay, grass, silage and juicy feeds should be used, and they should be mixed in various ways to stimulate their appetite, prevent diseases, and cultivate high-yielding cattle; For the rearing of adult dairy cows, strict implementation of the four-feed system for forage grass, set material, calcium, phosphorus, and salt shall be gradually changed if there is a large change in the feed, and the raw material shall not be changed abruptly by 2.5 kg per head. Milk production, transfer, pregnancy and other conditions increase or decrease the adjustment, the material is mixed into a semi-wet, loose feed, hay on average 8-10 kg per head of the principle of grass, insist on less, and at least three times a day. Calcium and Phosphorus supplements: 3-4 cattle per head per day; Salt: 3 for each cow per day, free access to feed; to feed: to prevent the feed more than suddenly less, should be appropriate quantitative; drinking water: every day to adhere to drink Take enough water and drink clean water. Every time you reach the sky, you have to do a good job in preventing the heat and cooling. The cows need to be evacuated for protection. In winter, they must do warm work to prevent diseases.
4. In order to maintain the quality of milk products, milking staff should wear rubber boots, cut short nails, wash hands with water, and clean the clothes before use. Before the milking, the excrement should be removed, the hindquarters of the cow should be removed, and the oxtail should be fixed. Generally, the milk should be squeezed before feeding. Special care must be taken to ensure that the milk is clean during milking. During the milking period, fix the personnel, fix the order, and fix the time. Do not change it arbitrarily. Three times a day, after the delivery, cow breast enlargement can be added 1-2 times. First wash your breasts with warm water at 40-50°C. Wash down, wash around the breasts and nipples, dry and prepare for milking. Washing 1-2 barrels of milk-washing water requires changing a bucket of water. Individual breast hairs should be trimmed to prevent contamination of milk. When milking is started, the first milk should not be discarded. When milking, it is necessary to grasp the fast milking method. 80-100 beats per minute is appropriate. When the milk is squeezed, it is necessary to perform a massage (a little effort) and the milk is squeezed. Net, leaving no milk. When milking, it is forbidden to use oil or milk milk to wipe the wrong way. For individual teats that are prone to cracking, apply some anti-inflammatory ointment after squeezing. During the milking process, milking and other things must not be interrupted. If the cattle are in urine, they should immediately stand up and lift behind the milk bucket to avoid it. Each cow's milk must be weighed separately so that the cow's output can be properly assessed. Cows with mastitis or infectious diseases should be placed in the final squeeze. The milk should be discarded. After the equipment is used up, it should be disinfected to prevent infection by bacteria.
Feeding methods for high-yield dairy cows The income of cows is mainly derived from the amount of milk produced by adult cows. The level of milk produced by dairy cows depends on two factors, genetic and environmental. The genetic milk production potential is to become a realistic milk production, and the improvement and improvement of feeding techniques are continuously being made. Therefore, according to the physiological characteristics of high-yield dairy cows, reasonable feeding and management, in order to give full play to the cow's genetic milk production potential, and obtain a higher milk yield, is an urgent problem to be solved in the current cattle industry. Here are a few methods for dairy farmers:
First, the guided feeding method uses less roughage and more concentrate feed to reasonably strengthen the lactating cow's diet, shut it in the proper lactation period, and use it for suitable cows to increase the milk production of high dairy cows. The specific practice is to start from the last two weeks of the cow's dry period, starting from 10 to 15 days before calving, and feeding 1 to 1.8 kg of fine material per day. After that, add 0.5 kg per day until the cows eat. The amount of concentrate feed reaches 0.5% to 1% of body weight. Guided feeding methods enable the cow's rumen microflora to adapt to the high-concentrated rumen environment early before delivery, inducing cows to eat more concentrate, and allowing the cow to store enough nutrients in the body before delivery so that after calving, , provides abundant energy and protein at the peak of milk production.
Second, the challenge of breeding law The specific practice is to dry the milk period before 6 weeks (45 days) basically fed high-quality coarse material (mainly hay) can be fed less concentrate. In the next two weeks, 0.5 kg of fine concentrate should be added every day until 1% to 11.2% of body weight (up to no more than 5 to 6 kg), and 0.5 kg per day until the second week after calving The fine material was increased. After two weeks, the cows were allowed to feed freely, but the highest concentrate feed was not more than 15 kilograms a day. On the feeding, be sure to mix the fine and coarse materials and do not use the concentrate alone.
Third, the high-yielding dairy cows are fed a "feeding phase" method, which divides a cow's lactation into several lactation phases, and according to the physiological characteristics of the high-yield cattle at various stages, they are given different levels of nutrition to give full play to their genetic potential for milk production and obtain high yields. At the same time, various feeds are used economically to maximize the economic benefits.