How to cook processed animal fur
First, the processing of fresh skin After stripping the hide, it is generally impossible to process it in time because of the acquisition and concentration process. Pre-treatment of fresh skin is a key task to prevent deterioration of the skin and ensure the quality of cooking. First of all, the peeled skin must be cleared in time, ie, the hooves, ears, lips, tails etc. should be cut off by hand, and the residual meat and fat on the skin should be cut off. Then, the sand and feces sticking to the skin should be washed off with clean water. Blood and other dirt. Do not use too much force when scraping the residual meat to prevent scratching the skin. In addition, because the plush is slanted and grows on the skin, scrape the skin from the head to the buttocks to reduce the skin. Disability. After cleansing the fresh skin, hung the meat outside in a ventilated place or under weak sunlight, and turn it often until it has dried to 89% dry. Pick it up and flatten it with planks and objects to make it flat. The next day, continue to dry until dry. Second, dry skin softening and cleaning The prime processed dried skin was submerged in normal temperature water for 16 to 18 hours to soften the fur and restore the fresh skin condition. Then rinse the water with a preliminary flush of the dirt, soak it with a 3 g/L washing powder washing solution for about 10 minutes, rinse with clean water, remove and drain. When soaking with detergent, remove the dirt from the hair while listening to the connective tissue on the skin. The fat-rich skin plate can be washed two or three times in warm water at 35° C., but the action is faster. When drying, pay attention to pull the skin plate, and when it is 60% dry, it can be processed in the next step. Third, the fur processing The cooking of pelts, also known as nitrification or brewing, converts raw hides into cooked skins. The following describes three methods of cooking. 1, the surface of the cooked method This is a traditional Chinese method of fur cooking. This method is easy to take, the product is soft, the hair is whiter and the tensile strength of the skin is higher. However, the product is poor in water and heat resistance, and has an odor. This method can still be used for households with small production volumes. Nitrate preparation: take sodium sulfate (glauber salt) 10 kg dissolved in 100 kg of water and add 25 kg of flour to mix evenly. The amount of nitrate solution is about 10 times the weight of the fur. Nitrate: The softened fur is immersed in the nitrification solution, immersed in dilute solution, and the organism is pressed up so that it is immersed under the liquid surface and turned once a day. The leaching time depends on the temperature. In spring and autumn, the air temperature is generally 16 to 22 days when it is heated at 15~20°C. When the summer temperature reaches 30°C, the cylinder can be started after 15 days of infusion. The inspection method of the finished product is to fold the skin plate twice or squeeze the nitrification solution. If the skin is white, dehydration is good, indicating good nitrous oxide. After the finished product is removed from the tank, it should not be contaminated with raw water, then be air-dried and shovel-softened to obtain the finished product. 2. Alum cooking method The awakening method is also an older method. The cooked product of this method has slightly improved heat resistance compared to the surface-slaughtered method, but its water resistance is still not ideal, and the leather plate will harden when it encounters water. The steps are as follows: (1) Acid leaching: Acid leaching is a pretreatment of alum for nitrification to prevent the skin from losing acidity during the nitric acid production process and the hydrolysis and sedimentation of alum. Acid leaching process: Take 3.5bt4 times the amount of water equivalent to the birthday of the fur, add 0.1 times the amount of sodium chloride, fully deepen, put into the softened and dry fur and turn for 5 minutes, then lift the pelt and add 0.007 times the amount of sulfuric acid (Concentration: 66Be) Put the fur on, turn the fur out, add 0.006 times the amount of sulfuric acid (adjust the PH = 1.5 degrees), then put it into the fur and turn it evenly. When the temperature is 22~25°C, acid leaching for 16 hours is appropriate. . After pickling PH = 3.7 is appropriate. After the acid leaching, the fur was removed and the acid soaked solution was squeezed out for further processing. The acid-soaked fur can no longer meet raw water, otherwise the skin plate is swollen with hydrochloric acid. (2) Tanning: the amount of material used: water 3 times, sodium thiosulfate 8bt8.5%, alum 7.5%~8, sodium sulfate 15~17%, sulfuric acid 0.7~0.8%, sodium bicarbonate 1.2~1.5% , Sodium chloride 3.5~4, gypsum powder 8~9%. The tanning temperature is 25~28°C and the time is 200~225 hours. Tanning process: the above raw materials (except sodium bicarbonate, gypsum powder) into the water, fully stirred fully dissolved, thrown into the acid-soaked fur, stir turning twice, then every morning after each turn 1, 48 hours after the addition of plaster The solution of sodium bicarbonate (dissolved in advance with water) was added 3 times (interval 2 hours) 24 hours before the completion of tanning, and the tanning was completed overnight. It is then dried, wetted, and shoveled into finished products. The PH value of the mash is: the pH of the mash is 2.5 at the beginning of the mash; PH=3 before the sodium bicarbonate is added; PH=4.7~4.8 when the mash is finished, and the final temperature of the mash is 38°C. If the temperature is low, you need to Extension of time. 3, chrome tanning method Both the tanning of the fur surface and the alum system are false positives. Chrome tanning can make the finished product resistant to water, heat, sweat, and aging. (1) Acid leaching: The composition of the acid leaching solution is sulfuric acid 5-6 g/l (pH=1.015); sodium sulfate 30-50 g/l; sodium chloride 30-40 g/l. Temperature 36 ~ 38 °C, time 36 ~ 38 hours, water consumption 14 liters per sheet, depending on the size of the skin increased or reduced discretion. The acid leaching operation is to first dissolve the salt and sulfuric acid into the culvert, add the required concentration of water and the required amount of water, and then warm the acid to the specified requirements. Rotate the swash plate and mix it evenly. Put in the fur and continue to move for 1 to 2 minutes. Warm up and swipe 1 time each day. Soaking to 36 hours to check the quality; make the lateral extension of the spine area large, loose fibers, back extrusion extrusion dehydration, white and tough. Check with a four-based red reagent and the cuts are red. (2) Tanning: The tanning liquid becomes basic chromium sulphate 0.2 g/l (calculated as trioxide), alum 10 g/l, sodium chloride 30 g/l, sodium sulfate 30 g/l, thiosulfuric acid Sodium 2 g/l, JFC humectant 0.3 g/l, sodium bicarbonate qs. Water consumption is 10-12 liters per long skin, pH is 1.2-2 when the skin is under skin (adjusted with sulfuric acid), 4 to 4.5 when the cylinder is out, temperature is 40-45°C, and time is 72 hours. Operation process: The salt, sodium sulfate, alum dissolved and clarified into the slot, add water to warm up to the required requirements. Then the other raw materials (except sodium carbonate, sodium thiosulfate, and JFC) were also dissolved in the groove and stirred well. Then dip the acid-soaked fur and slide it for 1 to 2 minutes. After that, it should be swiped every 1 hour for 1 to 2 minutes. The temperature control should be 40°C on the first day and 45°C on the 2nd and 3rd days. On the second day, remove the water from the skin and add sodium thiosulfate and JFC to the skin. Sampling is needed to measure the skin's contraction temperature and the pH of the sputum every day, and sodium addition is added. The shrinkage temperature of the skin before the cylinder discharge should reach above 70°C; PH=4~4.5. Twist for 72 hours and then place it on a wooden bench for 1 to 2 days so that the tincture can bind firmly. Used mash can be used continuously for 15 batches, each batch of basic chromium sulphate added 0.12 ~ 0.15 g / liter (calculated as dichromium oxide), salt 3 ~ 5 g / l, sodium sulfate 3 ~ 5 g / liter, Sulfuric acid 3.5 g/l (in PH = 1.2 to 2 degrees). The amount of chromium salt should not be too large, otherwise the skin will be too thick, hard and heavy. After being tanning, the fur can be finished, and the steps are: washing-spinning-drying-resisting-scraping-testing. When washing, the amount of water used in the tank or in the tank should be large, and the number of times of replacement of water should be large, and impurities such as nitrate salt should be removed. Spin-drying is to remove the fur water by centrifuge or manually. Fatliquoring is to make the skin more flexible. The fat formula is 890 grams of warm water at 50°C, 100 grams of soft skin white oil or synthetic fatliquor, and 10 grams of JFC humectant. Use a brush and a blusher lotion brush to apply on the board. The application temperature should be 40~50°C, and the amount of each skin should be about 300ml. Dry it to dry or dry it. When using drying, the temperature should be 40 °C, when the sun first sun panel, and then sun hair quilt, until the skin and hair dry. Rub evenly with gypsum powder. For the second time, use a spatula to remove the floating meat and sprinkle with a spatula for the third time, and pay attention to shoveling the spade on the edge. After shoveling hard, wipe the quilt with a dry cloth until it is clean. Then let the skin dry to the skin. After drying overnight, piling it up once again is the finished product. The drying, resurgence, and scooping operations also apply to the fur processing of tanned and alum litters.
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