Artificial Breeding Technology

The parent fish, commonly known as the red mouthfish, is originally a wild and aggressive species that used to spawn naturally in lakes and rivers. However, due to increasing demand and the challenges of natural breeding, artificial domestication has become more common in recent years. Now, most red mouthfish are bred using lake net enclosures and pond culture systems, with breeding techniques continuously improving. When natural supply cannot meet market needs, artificial propagation becomes essential for large-scale seedling production. To breed a significant number of seedlings, it's crucial to select high-quality broodstock. The best time for this is during winter, when the fish are more mature and healthy. Broodstock should be at least three years old, free from diseases or injuries, and ideally selected from natural lake environments. The ideal weight for each parent is around 2.5 kilograms, ensuring genetic quality and reproductive potential. Breeding ponds for broodstock must meet strict standards. They should be rectangular, covering an area of more than 3 mu (about 2,000 square meters), with clean, hard bottoms and a depth of 1.2 to 1.5 meters. Good drainage and clear water (around 15 cm) are essential. These conditions help maintain water quality and support the growth of aquatic organisms. To supplement nutrition, 50 kg of shrimp and small fish are often fed alongside the broodstock. Water should be changed weekly at the end of April to improve clarity and stimulate gonad development. Artificial breeding involves several key steps. First, selecting and pairing males and females. During the breeding season, females have smooth pectoral fins, while males have rough, bead-like structures on their fins and bodies. Males are usually fewer in number, so careful selection is needed. A typical ratio for artificial insemination is 3:1 (females to males), though some practices use 2:1. Next, identifying mature broodstock. Female fish show a clearly visible ovary, a soft and swollen abdomen, and loose body flanks. For males, milky white semen should flow from the genital opening when pressed. Hormone injections are then administered, typically through intrathoracic injection near the base of the pectoral fin. The standard mixture includes HCG and LRH-A, with doses adjusted based on the fish's weight. Conventional oxytocin methods are used between late June and mid-July, with specific dosages depending on water temperature. Specialized hormone treatments can also be applied earlier, such as in mid-May, when water temperatures are cooler. In these cases, additional drugs like DOM may be used to enhance spawning success. Spawning timing depends heavily on water temperature. At 24–26°C, the process usually takes 6–8 hours. Fish will begin to show signs of estrus, creating ripples on the water surface. At this point, net fishing is used to collect eggs for artificial fertilization. Since the eggs are sticky, they are dried and coated with talcum powder before being placed in incubators like hatching cylinders or rings. Artificially hatched red mouthfish eggs are small and pale yellow. After absorbing water, about 700 eggs weigh one gram. They hatch in 18–20 hours at 24–26°C. Once hatched, the fry are moved to incubation loops. After three days, when the yolk sac is absorbed, they can be transferred to cages. They are initially fed cooked egg yolk and later raised in pond environments.

Antipyretic & Pain-killer

Antipyretic:

Something that reduces fever or quells it.

There are 3 classes of antipyretic medications that are sold OTC (over-the-counter) without prescription:

Salicylates -- aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), choline salicylate (Arthropan), magnesium salicylate (Arthriten), and sodium salicylate (Scot-Tussin Original);

Acetaminophen (Tylenol); and

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) -- ibuprofen (Advil), naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve), and ketoprofen.

From anti-, against + the Greek pyretos, fever from pyr, fire. The same root gives rise to pyrexia, a medical term for fever.

Antipyretic, from the Greek anti, against, and pyreticus, pertaining to fever, are substances that reduce fever. Antipyretics cause the hypothalamus to override a prostaglandin-induced increase in temperature. The body then works to lower the temperature, resulting in a reduction in fever.

Most antipyretic medications have other purposes. The most common antipyretics in the United States are ibuprofen and aspirin, which are used primarily as pain relievers. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and pain relievers.


Pain-killer:

Painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain.

Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems. They are distinct from anesthetics, which reversibly eliminate sensation. Analgesics include paracetamol (known in North America as acetaminophen or simply APAP), the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as the salicylates, and opioid drugs such as morphine and oxycodone.

In choosing analgesics, the severity and response to other medication determines the choice of agent; the World Health Organization (WHO) pain ladder specifies mild analgesics as its first step.

Analgesic choice is also determined by the type of pain: For neuropathic pain, traditional analgesics are less effective, and there is often benefit from classes of drugs that are not normally considered analgesics, such as tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants.

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