Yam high yield cultivation techniques
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Yam, also known as wild yam or Chinese yam, is a perennial herb with a cylindrical underground tuber that is rich in starch. It is commonly used for making starch and is popular as a food item in tropical regions. Yam has a unique flavor and is considered a valuable vegetable, as well as a natural tonic and an excellent raw material for winemaking. To achieve high yields, proper cultivation techniques are essential.
When selecting local yam varieties, it's important to choose those with fleshy, underground tubers. The fibrous roots should be fine, and the soil must meet strict physical and chemical requirements. Ideal conditions include deep, well-aerated soil with high organic matter content, such as sandy loam or loamy sand. The soil depth should be more than 60 cm, preferably 80 cm or deeper, to allow the tubers to grow long and straight without obstruction.
One of the key steps in yam cultivation is drilling and applying base fertilizers. After preparing the field, select a 1.5-meter-long, 2-cm-diameter piece of yam and use a steel plate with holes near the node to create a 10 cm deep hole. This provides a relaxed environment for the yam to grow straight. Combine this with decomposed organic fertilizers like well-rotted manure, human dried urine, chicken manure, and mixed compost, using about 2,000 kg per acre.
Timely sowing is crucial, typically done in mid-to-late March on sunny days (avoiding rainy weather). Cut the yam seeds into 5 cm sections and place each piece upright into the hole, ensuring they are not planted upside down. Be careful to keep the fertilizer away from the seed to avoid damage. Cover the seeds with 5–8 cm of soil.
Field management involves monitoring the growth stages of the yam, which includes germination, seedling development, leaf growth, and tuber expansion. During the early stages, stem and leaf growth is dominant, while tuber enlargement becomes the main focus after the plant starts budding. In the later stages, tubers accumulate over 85% of the total dry matter. During the leaf growth phase, nitrogen fertilizer should account for about half of the total application, along with potassium and phosphorus to support tuber development. Apply fertilizers shallowly on both sides of the planting rows.
Harvesting yam is usually done from early September until the following Spring Festival. For better economic returns, it’s advisable to harvest at the beginning of September when the tubers are mature and of high quality. Proper timing ensures optimal yield and market value.