Related fertilizer knowledge

Chinese cabbage requires high-nitrogen and high-potassium fertilizers, with approximately 159 kg of potassium sulfate needed to produce one ton of Chinese cabbage. In addition, it needs more boron and calcium. Calcium can be applied through foliar spraying, and adding nicotinic acid can enhance calcium absorption. However, the use of plant hormones such as gibberellin (920), ethephon, and paclobutrazol is restricted. It's also important to avoid using ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, or compound fertilizers containing nitrate nitrogen, as they may increase nitrate accumulation in Vegetables. Chlorinated fertilizers like potassium chloride and ammonium chloride should also be limited, as chloride ions can reduce starch content, lower quality, decrease yield, and cause soil decalcification and hardening. Similarly, the use of magnesium sulfate and ammonium sulfate should be controlled due to their sulfate content, which is not easily absorbed by plants and may harm root development. Ammonium bicarbonate should also be used sparingly due to the risk of ammonia volatilization, which can lead to toxicity. For tomatoes, top-dressing should be moderate. Over-fertilizing after fruiting can negatively impact growth. The principle of top-dressing is to start with small amounts and gradually increase, focusing more on early stages and less in later periods. Calcium is a crucial nutrient for vegetable growth, ranking second or third in terms of uptake, just behind potassium and nitrogen. Calcium deficiency can lead to physiological disorders such as "dry heart" in Chinese cabbage, "leaf tip burn" in cabbages and lettuces, blossom end rot in tomatoes and peppers, and other similar issues. Since calcium has poor mobility in plants, it cannot be redistributed from older leaves to new ones or from leaves to Fruits. Therefore, symptoms typically appear in newly developing tissues. Ensuring a steady supply of water-soluble calcium in the root zone is essential for preventing deficiencies. The optimal concentration of calcium is generally between 10^-5 and 10^-7 M. Nitrate and ammonium nitrogen are both directly absorbed by plants. Nitrate, being negatively charged, is not easily retained by negatively charged soil colloids, making it highly mobile and prone to leaching. Ammonium ions, on the other hand, are positively charged and can be adsorbed by soil particles and even incorporated into clay mineral structures, making them less mobile. This means that nitrate is more likely to be lost through rainfall, while ammonium tends to stay in the soil longer. In suitable conditions, urea is converted to ammonium, and then to nitrate over time. This process is slower in cold weather and faster in warm seasons. In dryland soils, nitrate levels are usually higher than ammonium, but in paddy fields, nitrate is often scarce. Excessive moisture and poor aeration can lead to denitrification, where nitrates are converted to gases like nitrous oxide, causing nitrogen loss. Ammonia volatilization is the main form of nitrogen loss for ammonium-based fertilizers. Therefore, nitrate fertilizers are best suited for colder regions and drylands, where they act quickly but are not ideal for wet or hot areas. Ammonium-based fertilizers work well in paddy fields and can also be used in drylands, but surface application increases ammonia loss. Organic fertilizers, such as manure, green manure, and wood ash, are rich sources of nutrients. They promote microbial activity, breaking down simple nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium for plant uptake. At the same time, they help form humus, which acts as a natural binder, improving soil structure and aeration. Humus also helps regulate soil moisture, nutrients, and pH, ensuring a steady supply of nutrients to plants. However, its effects are slow, taking about a month for plants to fully absorb the benefits. The soil pH in Shanxi ranges from 8.1 to 8.3, which is slightly alkaline. Zinc is typically deficient in calcareous soils and should be applied at a rate of 1–2 kg per acre. Excessive phosphate fertilizer can induce zinc deficiency. The recommended zinc level is between 0.5 ppm and 3 ppm. Boron levels are closely related to soil pH and should be maintained between 0.1–0.2 ppm, with about half a catty per acre. Molybdenum is also important, and it can be sprayed at a concentration of 0.1%.

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