Watering and Fertilizing Technology of Spinach

Spinach has a well-developed root system that can spread up to one cubic meter. It thrives in sandy loam soil rich in organic matter with a neutral pH between 6.3 and 7.0. If the soil is too acidic (pH below 5.5), it can hinder germination or even lead to plant death. Spinach does not tolerate waterlogged conditions; if soil moisture exceeds 20%, it may result in root rot and plant death. During the early growth stage, spinach requires less water to encourage strong root development. It's important to water thoroughly before sowing to ensure good seedling emergence. Once seeds have sprouted and reached the 3-4 leaf stage, watering should be reduced to prevent diseases like blight. As the plant progresses into its mid to late growth stages, water requirements increase, and it's generally recommended to water 3–5 times to maintain consistent soil moisture. In winter, overwintering spinach should be given a deep "frost water" application before cold weather sets in. During summer, it’s best to water in the early morning or late evening to help cool the plants and promote healthy growth. After fertilizing, water should be applied promptly to avoid nutrient burn. Fertilization is crucial for spinach cultivation. Base fertilizer is typically applied before planting. For spring spinach, organic fertilizer can be added the previous year at a rate of 4,000–5,000 kg per 667 square meters, followed by deep plowing to mix it into the soil. The soil should be thawed to a depth of 7–10 cm before sowing. A mixture of compost and fertilizer is ideal for base dressing. Apply 3,000–4,000 kg of compost, 30–35 kg of superphosphate, 20–25 kg of ammonium sulfate, and 10–15 kg of potassium sulfate per 667 square meters, then till the soil to a depth of 20–25 cm. For autumn spinach, apply 4,000–5,000 kg of organic fertilizer, 25–30 kg of superphosphate, and till it into the soil to a depth of 20–25 cm. Overwintering spinach should be planted in deep, fertile soil with high humus content. Apply 5,000 kg of organic fertilizer per 667 square meters along with 25–30 kg of superphosphate, ensuring the soil is well-mixed and loose to support strong seedling emergence and root development. Top dressing is also essential. For spring spinach, no additional fertilizer is needed in the early growth phase, as the soil already contains sufficient nutrients. However, during the middle and later stages, apply 15–20 kg of ammonium sulfate per 667 square meters. Since spring spinach has a short growing season, adequate nitrogen helps leaves grow vigorously and delays bolting. For summer spinach, apply 10–15 kg of ammonium sulfate per 667 square meters when the plant has 2–3 true leaves, and water immediately after. A foliar spray of 0.3% urea can also be used to supplement nitrogen. After autumn spinach seedlings emerge and reach 4–5 true leaves, apply top dressing in stages. Use 20–25 kg of ammonium sulfate or 10–12 kg of urea per 667 square meters to promote thick leaf growth and improve yield and quality. Overwintering spinach, which has a longer growth period, should be fertilized in two phases: before winter and in early spring. Before winter, apply 10–15 kg of ammonium sulfate per 667 square meters combined with irrigation. When applying "frozen water," use 1,000–1,500 kg of diluted manure water. No top dressing is needed during the winter. In early spring, once the leaves are green and the heart leaves begin to grow, apply a small amount of water, then add 10–15 kg of ammonium sulfate per 667 square meters during vigorous growth. This ensures sufficient nutrients and water, helping to delay bolting, increase production, and improve overall quality.

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