Ecological Restoration Theory of Fermentation Bed

Ecological fermentation bed aquaculture technology is an innovative farming model that integrates principles from microbiology, ecology, and fermentation engineering. At its core, it uses active functional microbes as a central "converter" for material and energy transformation. The key to this technology lies in the long-term stability of beneficial microbial complexes—these microbes must remain active and effective over time, not just for a short period or under ideal conditions. They should be consistently functional, regardless of external factors, and able to sustain themselves without fluctuating between high and low performance. This system aims for a pollution-free, zero-emission environment, converting animal waste and urine into useful substances and energy while completely degrading pig excrement. It represents one of the most advanced and environmentally friendly farming methods today.

There is a noticeable "gradient phenomenon" within the fermentation bed, characterized by a gradual process of decomposition. Due to gravity, the moisture content of the mat in a well-maintained fermentation bed typically increases from top to bottom, creating a "longitudinal moisture gradient." Additionally, because pigs tend to urinate in the same spot, and due to the slow water absorption of sawdust bedding and evaporation, a "transverse moisture gradient" forms, with moisture levels decreasing from the area where pigs frequently urinate. These moisture gradients influence the fermentation conditions, such as temperature, aeration, nutrients, and pH, which can either promote rapid fermentation or lead to slower, less efficient processes. As a result, a "fermentation intensity gradient" is created, contributing to the overall dynamic balance of the pigpen.

The internal ecosystem of the fermentation bed is constantly in a cycle of "repairing" and "being repaired." Pigs often defecate and urinate unevenly, leading to irregular nutrient distribution and moisture levels across the bed. For example, in a small area of 0.04 square meters (20 cm x 20 cm), functional microbes begin to colonize within a day or two after the pig has left excrement. With each subsequent deposition, the nutrient concentration increases, accelerating microbial activity until it reaches a peak. However, after multiple accumulations, the nutrients may exceed the capacity of the microbes, and urine buildup can reduce air permeability, making the environment unsuitable for aerobic microorganisms. At this point, microbial growth begins to decline. If the pigs continue to deposit waste in the same spot, the area may become non-functional, disrupting the entire system.

However, in reality, the situation is usually more stable. Why? Because pigs do not always defecate or urinate in exactly the same place. Moreover, pigs naturally move around and push their waste into different areas, helping distribute the excrement more evenly. This prevents excessive accumulation and maintains the bed's functionality. In rare cases, too much waste can still cause issues, but the microbial strains used in commercial products are designed to be resilient. They have strong stress resistance and can tolerate varying moisture levels. If the conditions don't persist for too long, they can recover quickly, allowing the system to return to normal operation. This process is known as "ecological repair."

"Repair" refers to the active actions taken by farmers, such as manually turning over the bedding when there's excessive waste in one corner, mixing the manure with the litter, and ensuring the fermentation bed continues to function properly. On the other hand, "repaired" is a passive process where pigs naturally move and disturb the bedding, helping to spread out the waste and maintain balance. Most farms rely on this natural ecological restoration process, which is ongoing and essential for the smooth operation of the fermentation bed.

Understanding the process of ecological restoration is crucial for selecting the right fermentation bed products and managing them effectively. It helps farmers avoid economic losses and maximize benefits. When choosing a product, it's important to select reputable manufacturers with reliable microbial strains that have strong activity, dormancy, and self-recovery capabilities. Cheap or untested brands may fail under pressure, leading to significant losses.

Additionally, training pigs to distribute their waste evenly within the pen can reduce the need for manual intervention and prevent localized overloading. This improves the efficiency of the fermentation process and reduces the time needed for ecological restoration. If training doesn’t work, farm staff can manually turn the bedding to improve aeration, adjust moisture levels, and speed up the recovery process. Techniques like "manual slimming," "removing bad parts," and "adding nutrients" can also help restore balance and ensure optimal performance of the fermentation bed.

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