In the early summer, I forgot to give vines prevention and pest control.

The Main Physiological Diseases of Table Grape and Their Control I. The Main Physiological Diseases and Their Causes 1. Grape Water Jar Disease Grape water jar disease, also known as color disease, is characterized by abnormal fruit pigmentation. In red or purple varieties, the color becomes pale and dull, while in white varieties, the skin may appear blister-like, with soft flesh that separates easily from the pulp, forming a watery, acidic mass. The sugar content drops significantly, and acidity increases, making the fruit inedible. This condition typically occurs at the tip of the grape cluster or on secondary panicles, and affected grapes tend to fall off easily. This disease is primarily caused by nutritional imbalances, such as insufficient nutrients, weak plant vigor, excessive fruit load, poor irrigation, and limited leaf area. High groundwater levels or heavy rainfall during ripening, especially under high temperatures and humidity, can exacerbate the problem. 2. Grape Sunburn Disease Also known as sunburn, this disease affects the shoulder and sunny side of the grape clusters. Affected berries develop pale brown, dry, sunken lesions that are rough and uneven, making them more susceptible to bacterial infections and rot. Sunburn occurs when grape berries are exposed to intense heat and sunlight, causing localized surface temperatures to rise too high, leading to dehydration and damage. Additionally, competition between leaves and berries for water can cause the berries to lose moisture, resulting in sunburn. Certain varieties, such as Red Globe and non-nuclear white chicken heart grapes, are more prone to this issue. Factors like vineyard management, soil conditions, and nitrogen fertilizer use also influence the severity of the disease. 3. Physiological Cracking of Grape Fruits Physiological cracking usually appears after the grapes begin to change color. The skin and flesh split vertically, often extending from the top of the berry to the stem or even the pit. This condition is commonly triggered by prolonged drought followed by sudden rain or flooding, which causes rapid pulp growth and skin stretching. Some varieties have tightly packed fruits, and as they grow, internal pressure can lead to cracking. Poor skin elasticity can also contribute to this issue. 4. Physiological Leaf Drop Physiological defoliation in grapevines is mainly caused by either extreme soil drought or excessive moisture, both of which stress the plant and lead to premature leaf loss. 5. Grapevine Nutrient Deficiency Syndrome Due to differences in soil quality and cultivation practices, many vineyards suffer from various nutrient deficiencies, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, boron, zinc, iron, calcium, and magnesium. These deficiencies weaken the plant, reduce yield and fruit quality, accelerate aging, and increase susceptibility to diseases and environmental stresses such as cold, frost, drought, and sunburn. II. Prevention and Control Measures 1. Increase Organic Fertilizer Use Incorporate organic matter into the soil through cover crops, timely mowing, and autumn plowing. Aim for a soil organic matter content of over 1.5%, and apply at least 3000 kg of fertilizer per acre. Use balanced fertilization based on plant growth and nutrient needs, applying appropriate amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients through topdressing or foliar application to avoid excessive nitrogen use. 2. Implement Scientific Irrigation Maintain stable soil moisture levels by irrigating and draining according to the vineyard’s needs, avoiding drastic fluctuations that can stress the plants. 3. Manage Fruit Load After flowering, perform fruit thinning to maintain an optimal fruit set and prevent overloading the vines. Using scaffolding or smaller trellises can help raise the fruit clusters, improving air circulation and light exposure. 4. Prune Properly For vigorous, over-fertilized vines, prune lightly and shorten long shoots to reduce vigor. Limit the number of clusters per vine and ensure each cluster has at least 16 leaves. For sunburn-prone varieties, shade the leaves near the clusters during summer pruning, but keep enough foliage elsewhere to avoid competition for moisture. 5. Mulch and Bagging Mulching film helps protect the fruit and reduces the risk of physiological cracking. Bagging the grapes can prevent sunburn, cracking, and pest infestations, while also reducing pesticide contamination.

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