In the early summer, I forgot to give vines prevention and pest control.

The Main Physiological Diseases of Table Grapes and Their Control I. Main Physiological Diseases and Their Causes 1. Grape Water Jar Disease Grape water jar disease, also known as color disease, is characterized by abnormal fruit coloring. In red or purple varieties, the color becomes pale and dull, while in white varieties, the skin develops blisters, the flesh softens, and the skin peels off easily. The fruit becomes filled with acidic water and separates from the pulp, making it inedible. The sugar content drops significantly, and acidity increases. This condition typically occurs at the tip of the grape cluster or on secondary panicles. Affected grapes are often loose and easy to fall off. The primary cause is nutritional imbalance, such as deficiencies in essential nutrients. Weak vine vigor, excessive fruit load, insufficient fertilizer and water, and limited effective leaf area can all contribute to the disease. High groundwater levels, heavy rainfall during ripening, and high temperatures combined with humidity can further exacerbate the issue. 2. Grape Sunburn Disease Sunburn, also called grape burn disease, appears mainly on the shoulder and sunny side of the grape cluster. Affected berries develop pale brown, dried, sunken spots with rough surfaces, making them more susceptible to bacterial infections and rot. This condition is caused by high temperatures and intense sunlight, leading to excessively high surface temperatures on the grapes. Water imbalance or competition between leaves and fruit for moisture can result in localized dehydration, followed by heat damage. Different grape varieties show varying levels of susceptibility—varieties like Red Globe, Non-nuclear White Chicken Heart, and Kyo Light are more prone to this disease. Factors such as grape type, management practices, orchard drainage, and nitrogen fertilizer use also influence its severity. Orchards with poor drainage and high groundwater levels tend to have more severe cases. 3. Physiological Fruit Cracking Physiological cracking occurs after the grapes begin to change color. The skin and flesh split longitudinally, often from the top of the berry down to the stem or even the pit. This is primarily due to prolonged drought followed by sudden rain or flooding, causing rapid pulp growth that stretches the skin. Additionally, some varieties produce tightly packed fruits, and as they grow, internal pressure can lead to cracking. Poor skin elasticity or tight fruit clusters may also contribute to this problem. 4. Physiological Leaf Drop Physiological defoliation in grapevines is mainly caused by soil drought or excessive moisture. Both conditions stress the plant, leading to premature leaf loss, which can affect photosynthesis and overall vine health. 5. Nutrient Deficiency Syndrome Due to differences in soil quality and cultivation practices, many vineyards experience various degrees of nutrient deficiency. Common deficiencies include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, boron, zinc, iron, calcium, and magnesium. These deficiencies weaken the plant, reduce yield, and lower fruit quality. Severe cases can accelerate plant aging, increase vulnerability to diseases, and reduce resistance to environmental stresses like cold, frost, drought, and sunburn. II. Prevention and Control Measures 1. Increase Organic Fertilizer Use Incorporate organic matter into the soil by planting cover crops, cutting grass regularly, and plowing in late autumn. Aim for a soil organic matter content of over 1.5%. Apply sufficient fertilizer annually, ensuring at least 100 kg per acre. Implement balanced fertilization based on the vine’s growth stage and nutrient needs. Apply appropriate amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients through topdressing or foliar sprays, avoiding excessive nitrogen application. 2. Practice Scientific Irrigation Monitor soil moisture levels and irrigate or drain as needed to prevent drastic fluctuations. Consistent moisture helps maintain vine health and reduces the risk of physiological disorders. 3. Manage Fruit Load After flowering, thin out excess fruit to maintain an optimal number of berries per cluster. Avoid overloading the vines, especially on scaffolding or small trellises. Raise the height of clusters to improve air circulation and light exposure. 4. Prune Strategically For vigorous, over-fertilized vines, prune lightly and shorten long shoots to reduce growth intensity. Minimize the number of clusters, leaving only one per shoot if necessary. Ensure each cluster has at least 16 leaves for proper photosynthesis. For sunburn-prone varieties, provide partial shade to the clusters during summer pruning, while keeping other foliage intact to avoid competition for moisture. 5. Mulching and Bagging Mulching film helps protect the fruit and prevents physiological cracking. Bagging the clusters can also prevent sunburn, cracking, and pest infestations. It enhances fruit quality and reduces pesticide contamination. By implementing these measures, growers can effectively manage physiological diseases and improve the overall health and productivity of their grapevines.

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